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People’s Science InstituteDehradun, India
How Smallholder Farmers in Uttarakhand How Smallholder Farmers in Uttarakhand Reworked the System of Rice Intensification (SRI):Reworked the System of Rice Intensification (SRI):
Innovations from Sociotechnical Interactions in Innovations from Sociotechnical Interactions in Fields and VillagesFields and Villages
Debashish SenDebashish Sen
Research Objective & Research QuestionsResearch Objective & Research Questions
To understand how SRI, conceived as a set of practices introduced from outside the communities, was incorporated into the local rice farming system
1) How were SRI practices interpreted and adjusted to fit with the local social and agro-ecological arrangements?
2) How did the new method influence existing rice farming practices in the locality?
3) How were existing farmers’ work groups adjusted to accommodate the new method?
Transplanting of young seedlings
Transplanting at wider spacing
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)
Enhancing soil organic matter
Inter-cultivation with weeder
SRI SRI PracticesPractices
Single seedling per hill
Methodology: Conceptual Framework, Location and Tools Methodology: Conceptual Framework, Location and Tools
Analytical Framework• Socio-technical System • Agriculture as Performance • Task Group Culture
Ethnographic Approach3 Villages in Tehri Garhwal
district of Uttarakhand, IndiaRice Seasons : 2011 to 2013
• Rapid Rural Appraisal Exercises• Participant Observations• Field Measurements• Focus Group Discussions• Semi-Structured Interviews
India
Uttarakhand
Tehri Garhwal
Bhilangana Sub-basin, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
Rice Farming in Western Himalayas : Main FeaturesRice Farming in Western Himalayas : Main Features• Predominant kharif irrigated
and un-irrigated crop • Grown simultaneously with
mixed crops in unirrigated fields• Diverse methods (Sathi,
Bijwad and Saindha) utilizing hand tools• Multiple long duration (120-
165 days) varieties, mostly local • Limited availability of draft
power forces hiring/sharing of bullocks• Rituals associated with
transplanting and harvesting of rice (Din Bar)• Women’s collectives
(Padiyals) undertaking transplanting
SRI Demands New Performative SkillsSRI Demands New Performative Skills
Raised Bed Nurseries (RBNs)
Properly Marked Fields
Precise Transplanting of Seedlings
Water : Not Too Much nor Too Little
New Norms for Water ManagementNew Norms for Water Management
Source: Mean Daily Water Depth of 20 plots each under different rice cultivation methods, Village Phalenda, 2013
SRI plots•Shallow flooding preferred over recommended AWD, especially in early crop stage•Liberal irrigation regime controlled weed growth & water beetles•Facilitated distribution of labour between rice and rainfed crops
Irrigation Water Depths under Different Rice Cultivation Methods
Days after Transplanting
Bina
Saindha
SRI
Drying and Marking as Additional TasksDrying and Marking as Additional Tasks Introduces time gap between Land Preparation and
Transplanting Village Level Resource Persons (VLRPs) emerge as Key
Specialists for Marking Readjustments in Marking: Line and eye estimation
adapted over seasons and across plots collectively
Marking Patterns of SRI plots of 30 randomly selected farmers (10 from each study village)
Reconfiguring Nursery Tasks & GroupsReconfiguring Nursery Tasks & Groups Rescheduling Dates: Early seeding required for timely ripening Relocating Sites: Most RBNs located nearer to plot owner’s house Reforming Groups: Emergence of different nursery forms Readjusting Tasks: Seed treatment optional, More densely seeded RBNs and Flatbed Nurseries complement each other
NurseryType
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct2w
3w
4w
1w
2w
3w
4w
1-4 w
1-4w
1w
2w
3w
4w
1w
2w
Saindha/Bina
N T H
Synchronized Transplanting
RBN N T H
Synchronized Harvesting
RBN N T H
W: Week, N: Nursery, T: Transplanting, H: Harvesting
Synchronized Transplanting vs Synchronized Harvesting
Reorganizing Transplanting Tasks & GroupsReorganizing Transplanting Tasks & Groups Rescheduling Dates: Early establishment for timely ripening Relocating Plots: Most SRI plots located in middle reach of canal Reforming Groups: Emergence of larger and young aged groups Readjusting Tasks: Mingling of existing and new practices Redistributing Tasks: Elderly uproot while young transplant
System of Rice Intensification: Transplanting Patterns (2011)
Phalenda Dakhwangaon
Predominant Forms of Transplanting under SRI influencePredominant Forms of Transplanting under SRI influence
SRI opens up various options - Farm households make choices as per their bio-physical and socio-economic circumstances
Rice Plots Under Different Methods
Conclusions and ImplicationsConclusions and Implications• Entry of SRI necessitates rearrangements of
a complex but very balanced rice farming system
• Technical and social adaptations happen in situ, but also contingent on agro-ecological factors
• Farmers try to seek complementarity and synergy between various rice farming methods
• Fluidity among work groups leads to extension and diversification of the repertoire of methods
• Task groups as potential units for agricultural research and extension
Need to build upon farmers’ adaptive capacities to maximize exploitation of agro-ecological niches, minimize uncertainty in farm production and rationalize employment of available work force
THANK THANK YOUYOU ! !
Steps in SRI – Pictorial RepresentationSteps in SRI – Pictorial Representation
Field Marking
Seed Selection and Treatment Raised Bed Nursery Preparation
Removal of Young Seedling
Regular Weeding
Water Management SRI Field Harvesting
Transplanting at Wide Spacing