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FACT 1: PLANTS ARE LIVING THINGS
They Feed
They Drink
They Breathe
They Respond To Stimuli – They React
FACT 2: PLANTS RESPOND TO:
Heat & Cold
Light
Plant Food in the Soil
Available Moisture in the Soil
Available Space for Each Plant
FACT 3: PLANTS RESPOND BY PRODUCING BIOMASS KNOWN AS YIELD • Yield = G x E + (G x E) Where:
G = Genotype – inherited potentialE = Environment – favorable conditions
• Yield = G x E + (G x E) + ManagementWhere: Management = Intensification -- giving individual plants more ample food, water, light and space to grow
FACT 4: ENVIRONMENT & MANAGEMENT MATTER
In the efforts to increase the productivity of food crops, size, number & time make a difference:
1. No. of Plants/Unit Area Matter
2. Size of Grain-Producing Heads Matter
3. When and What Management Operations are Conducted Matter
EXAMPLE - MAIZE GRAIN YIELDS
PLANT POPULATIONper hectare
100 150 200
20,000 2 TONS 3 TONS 4 TONS
40,000 4 TONS 6 TONS 8 TONS
60,000 6 TONS 9 TONS 12 TONS
Grain Weight/Cob ( grams)
TRANSPLANTING 15-DAY-OLD TEF SEEDLINGS, DEBRE ZEIT 2009 – FIRST TRIALS
10 DAYS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
4 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANTING
8 WEEKS AFTER TRANSPLANTING : INCREASED LEAF SIZE AND COLOR = HIGH BIOMASS PRODUCTION
TEF HEADS HEAVY WITH SEED
HIGH GRAIN & STRAW YIELDS, 2009
Check
DAP
DAP+Urea
DAP+Zn
Suc+Urea
DAP+Zn+C
u
DAP+Bust
ext.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2000
29273540
4250 4526
62606631
Fig 1. Yield (kg/ha) for variety Dz-01-974 at
20x15 cm spacing & dif -ferent fertilizer types
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
9000
1262114865
1750718395
2359825832
Fig 1. Straw yield (kg/ha) for variety Dz-01-974 at 20x15 cm spac-ing & different fertilizer
treatments
ROW PLANTING TO REPLACE TRANSPLANTING, MAINTAINING WIDE SPACING BUT REDUCING LABOR
TEF PACKAGE AVERAGE YIELDS BY REGION AND BY PLANTING METHOD, 2012Average yield increase of ~70% over the national average (167,000 Farmers)
Average yield by planting method Quintals/hectare
• Data were collected from ~15,800 validating farmers (and some control farmer groups) to determine the results of new tef technologies
• For the 15,790
farmers, average yields for row planting + transplanting increased ~70% from national average (21.7 versus 12.6 qtls/ha)
• As the chart shows, there is still much work to be done to properly manage transplanting to realize potential yield gains
Source: 2012 Data from Regional, Zonal and Woreda administration staff (collected Feb-April 2013)
17
12
16
21222122
1820
2323
Amhara
SNNP
Oromia
Tigray
N/A
BroadcastingRow plantingTransplanting
AVERAGE GRAIN YIELD BY PLANTING METHOD, 2012,WITH DIFFERENT SEEDING RATES (30 to 0.4 kg/ha)
30 BC 5 BC 5 Row 0.4 TP0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
GRAIN YIELD (tn)
THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES HAVE IMPRESSIVE RESULTS
2012 MAXIMUM YIELDS OBTAINED BY PLANTING METHOD
Yield by technology use*Quintals per hectare
60
50
Transplanting +Fertilizer blends 35-66
Transplanting
Row planting
National average 12-15Traditional on-farm production methods (e.g., broadcasting, 30 kg/ha seed rate)New row planting technology with reduced seed rate (5-10 kg/ha)New transplanting technologyTransplanting technology combined with fertilizers with micronutrients
* Yields are average yield for National Average and maximum yield for Row planting, Transplanting, and Fertilizer blends Source: Field visits, Sasakawa Global research, ATA Tef Program team analysis
DISTRIBUTION OF YIELD INCREASES BY PERCENT, 2012
Source: 2012 Data from Regional, Zonal and Woreda administration staff (collected Feb-April 2013)
Distribution of Validating Farmers’ YieldsFrequency of yield band (as % of total data set)
476
810
8
1311
7
Over 200%
150 - 200%
125 - 150%
100 - 125%
80 - 100%
60 - 80%
40 - 60%
20 - 40%
10 - 20%
Less than 10%
27
~30% of farmers saw a 20 – 80% yield increase
Farmers who broadcast, used high seed rates, or experienced challenges with new
technologies
~25% of farmers saw a 100 – 200% yield increase
STI HAS SHOWED THAT WITH PROPER MANAGEMENT, HIGH TEF YIELDS ARE POSSIBLE
