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Bekele Shiferaw, Solomon Asfaw, KPC Rao et al. ICRISAT, Nairobi
Annual Review and Planning Meeting
Bamako, Mali November 16-20, 2009
Objec&ve 1: Targe&ng Crop Breeding and Seed Delivery Efforts to Enhance Impact:
Pigeonpea in ESA and Asia
Outline
• Highlights of major achievements – Situa+on and outlook study – Targe+ng produc+on regions – Baseline studies – Variety preferences – Variety adop+on – Gender aspects
• Challenges and lessons • Future Research Issues
Highlights of Achievements
Situation and outlooks studies
Global pigeonpea area, produc&on and yield trend (1961‐2007)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Ara, p
rodu
c&on
& yield
Year
Area ( 000' hectares) Produc+on (000' tons) Yield (kg/ha)
Produc&on and Area by Region
Pigeonpea Yield (100 kg/ha) Trends by Region
Pigeonpea Situa&on and Outlook Study
• Asia accounts for about 85% of area and produc+on of pigeonpea
• Produc+on shiNing from SAT temperate areas to semi arid tropics of India
• In India projected growth in produc+on, but not area
• India projected to be a net importer of pulses
• Africa Accounts for about 14% of the area and produc+on
• Projected growth in both area and produc+on
• For Malawi, historical trends show a rise in harvested area, yield and produc+on
• IMPACT model projects a growing area, produc+on and domes+c demand to 2020
Pigeonpea Map
Baseline study • In ESA, baseline data has been collected for pigeonpea (and groundnuts) in Malawi and Tanzania, and for chickpea in Ethiopia
• In India data collected from Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
• Africa: 1194 households surveyed in pigeonpea areas – 600 in Tanzania – 594 in Malawi
• Asia: 270 households surveyed – 135 Maharashtra
– 135 Andhra Pradesh
Characteris&cs Malawi Tanzania Ethiopia
Family size 4.8 6.1 6.4
Female headed hhs (%) 24.0 12.0 7.0
Educa&on of head (yrs) 5.0 5.8 1.7
Farm size owned (ha) 1.05 2.2 2.24
Own radio (%) 53.0 75.7 77.3
Own mobile phone (%) 5.0 50.4 6.1
Own TV (%) 3.0 2.8 1.3
Own Bicycle (%) 46.0 60.8 1.7
Household Characteristics
Area under pigeonpea in Tanzania (ha) by own farm size quar&les
Area under pigeonpea in Malawi (ha) by own farm size quar&les
Awareness and adop&on of pigeonpea varie&es in Tanzania (% households)
Pigeonpea variety
Awareness of the variety (full sample)
Planted in 2006/07
(full sample)
Planted in 2006/07 (informed
group)
Adop&on gap
ICEAP 00040 30.0 16.8 54.9 38.1
ICEAP 00053 5.1 2.0 38.7 36.7
ICEAP 00068 0.3 0.3 50.0 49.7
Baba& White 42.7 25.0 57.6 32.6
Bangili 66.1 50.7 75.3 24.6
Improved variety
33.0 18.8 55.9 37.1
All pigeonpea 98 88.4 90 ‐
Adop&on level and cropping pabern in India
• Maruthi, Asha and Ganesh are the common pigeonpea varie+es grown in the study villages of Maharashtra
• Asha, the most popular pigeonpea variety, has an adop&on level ranging from 58‐64%
— Pigeonpea is the major crop in kharif followed by sorghum and blackgram
— Pigeonpea is grown as an intercrop with coZon, soybean, sorghum, and other crops
— Cash income, food security and home consump+on are some of the reasons for growing pigeonpea
Adop&on of pigeonpea varie&es in Tanzania by own farm size quar&les (% households)
Variety
First Quar&le
Second Quar&le
Third Quar&le
Forth Quar&le
All Groups
ICEAP 00040 15.0 20.9 17.0 14.3 16.8
ICEAP 00053 2.0 3.3 1.3 1.3 2.0
ICEAP 00068 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.3
Baba& White 22.2 29.4 24.8 23.4 25.0
Bangili 47.1 47.7 49.7 58.4 50.7
Improved Varie&es
17.0 22.9 19.0 16.2 18.8
Adop&on of pigeonpea varie&es in Malawi by own farm size quar&les (% households)
First Quar&le
Second Quar&le
Third Quar&le
Forth Quar&le
All Groups
ICEAP 00040 (Kachangu)
2.0 8.8 10.7 8.7 7.6
ICPL 9145 (Sauma)
0.7 2.0 5.4 6.0 3.5
Mthawajuni 28.4 26.4 28.9 25.5 27.3
Improved varie&es
2.7 9.5 14.1 12.8 9.8
Adop&on of pigeonpea varie&es by household gender in Malawi (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
ICEAP 00040 ICPL9145 Mthawajuni Local Improved All pigeonpea
Female Male Total
Adop&on of pigeonpea varie&es by household gender in Tanzania (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
ICEAP 00040 ICEAP 00053 Bangili Baba+ white All improved All local
Female Male Total
Varie&es Lack of access to seeds (1)
Lack of cash or credit (2)
Suscep&ble to diseases
Low yield (3)
Poor prices
Expensive seed
ICEAP 00040
(Kachangu) 65 12 6 0 0 0
ICPL 9145
(Sauma) 75 8 0 8 8 0
Mthawajuni 61 12 0 3 0 3
Other Local 26 2 3 54 1 9
Major reasons for not plan&ng pigeonpea varie&es in Malawi (%)
Farmers Gegng Seeds from Different Sources (%)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Own saved Local seed producers
Local trader/agro‐dealer
Farmer to farmer exchange
Free from NGOs/GO
Others
Tanzania Malawi
Average amounts of pigeonpea seed received from different sources (kg)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Own saved Local seed producers
Local trader/agro‐dealer
Farmer to farmer exchange
Free from NGOs/GO
Others
Kg
Tanzania Malawi
Seed and grain prices of selected crops in Malawi (MK/kg)
Crop Seed price Grain price % difference
Pigeonpea 75 28 62
Groundnut 81 51 37
Maize 110 25 77
Finger millet 110 20 81
* 1 US$ = 140 MK
Seed and grain prices of selected crops in Tanzania (Tsh/kg)
Crop Seed price Grain price % difference
Pigeonpea 1311 467 181
Groundnut 1078 692 56
Chickpea 1200 459 161
Maize 3003 257 1068
Beans 985 578 70
Sorghum 1090 248 340
* 1 US$ = 1225 Tsh
Seed prices of different varie&es for selected crops in Tanzania (Tsh/kg)
Crop Local Improved % difference
Pigeonpea 1057 1745 65
Maize 1931 3108 61
Beans 938 1300 39
* 1 US$ = 140 MK
Farmers' Scoring of Pigeonpea Varie&es in Malawi (5=Very Good)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5 Score
Mthawajuni ICEAP 040 (Kachangu) ICPL 9145 (Sauma) Local pigeon pea Total
Farmers' Scoring of pigeonpea Varie&es in Tanzania (5=Very Good)
Marketed surplus (kg sold) for pigeonpea in Tanzania by own farm size quar&les
Marketed surplus (kg sold) for pigeonpea in Malawi by own farm size quar&les
Yield and Profitability of pigeonpea varie&es in Tanzania
Variety N Yield (t/ha) Net Income (US$/ha)
ICEAP 00040 122 1.24 352.3
ICEAP 00053 15 1.77 551.42
Baba+ White 198 1.05 287.00
Bangili 403 1.12 316.61
Local 601 1.10 306.85
Improved 141 1.27 363.50
Net difference (%) ‐ 15.4% 18.4%
Profitability of pigeonpea in India (000 Rs/ha)
U&liza&on of pigeonpea (% of total produc&on)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Tanzania Malawi
Sales Seed GiNs Consump+on
U&liza&on and Marketed Surplus in India
• In Andhra Pradesh average produc+on was: — Adopters: 425 kg — Control: 135 kg
• The propor+on of grain sold per year per household: ― Adopters: 402 (95%)
― Control: 125 kg (92%)
• For Asha variety, 95 percent of the grain was sold while only 3‐4 per cent was retained for home consump+on
Capacity Building
Africa • Training in survey design, data management and analysis (5‐10 per country)
• Value chains and agribusiness development (link with IFAD project)
• Three MSc students using data
Asia • Work with partner universi+es (visi+ng scien+st, short term training, etc)
• Training in survey design and implementa+on
• Data management and report wri+ng
• Student interns
Challenges
Ins&tu&onal: • Lack of social scien+sts
within partner countries – Gender – Economics – Input and output markets
– Greater need for ICRISAT to fill the gaps
• Transport facili+es for conduc+ng baseline surveys
• Lack of informa+on on periodic market condi+ons and demand paZerns
Technical: • Lack of access to informa&on, seed
and credit to plant available improved varie+es
• Underdeveloped value chains for marke+ng and processing and u+liza+on of the crop
• Tight export market: Intense compe++on for export markets for African farmers and surging demand for other subs+tutes
• Low produc&vity and poor access to new varie&es – s+ll pigeonpea remains an ‘orphan crop’
• Low rate of replacement of exis&ng varie&es by other new cul+var, especially in Asia
Lessons • Increasing awareness alone
could enhance adop&on significantly
• Increasing seed availability and credit for the poorest will accelerate adop&on
• Female farmers likely to adopt faster – but gender roles likely to change in future
• Pigeonpea is generally asset neutral and pro‐poor (even land poor hhs adopt new varie&es)
• New technology and beber market links enhance compe&&veness of small producers
Future Research Issues • Informa&on: Iden&fy ways for increasing farmer awareness of
new varie&es (extension, radio, etc) and impact target areas for new varie&es for scaling up
• Seed value chain: Beber understand the seed value chain and tes&ng different models for seed produc&on and marke&ng
• Seed access: Iden&fy strategies to strengthen and exploit the informal seed system ‐ small‐medium seed enterprises
• Markets: Market study and tes&ng alterna&ve strategies for linking producers with buyers to enhance the grain value chain
• Gender: Study the changing role of men and women in pigeonpea farming for gender equitable transforma&on
• Adop&on and impact: Early adop&on and the first‐order welfare impact of the project
Thank You!
Knowledge of pigeonpea varie&es in Tanzania by own farm size quar&les (% households)
First
Quartile Second Quartile
Third Quartile
Forth Quartile
All Groups
ICEAP 00040 31.4 33.3 30.1 25.3 30.0
ICEAP 00053 6.5 5.2 4.6 3.9 5.1
ICEAP 00020 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
ICEAP 00068 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.3
ICEAP 00576-1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2
Babati White 42.5 44.4 41.8 42.2 42.7
Bangili 64.7 64.7 66.7 68.2 66.1
At least one improved
33.3 35.9 32.7 29.9 33.0
At least one local 94.1 96.7 97.4 97.4 96.4
Knowledge of different pigeonpea varie&es in Malawi by own farm size quar&les (% households)
First Quartile
Second Quartile
Third Quartile
Forth Quartile
All Groups
ICEAP 040 (Kachangu)
17.6 22.3 23.5 18.1 20.4
ICPL 9145 (Sauma)
4.1 9.5 9.4 10.1 8.2
Nthawa June
59.5 54.7 61.1 37.6 53.2
Local pigeonpea 90.5 75.7 73.8 52.3 73.1
At least one improved
20.9 25.7 28.2 24.8 24.9
Seed prices of different varie&es for selected crops in Malawi (MK/kg)
Crop Local Improved % difference
Groundnuts 78 83 6
Pigeonpea 73 76 4
Maize 99 116 15
* 1 US$ = 140 MK
Major reasons for never plan&ng some pigeonpea varie&es in Tanzania (%)
Varie&es Lack of access to seeds (1)
Lack of cash or credit (2)
Suscep&ble to
diseases Low yield
Expensive seed (3)
ICEAP 00040 24.5 7.1 0 1.1 5.4
ICEAP 00053 38.7 16.1 3.2 3.2 9.7
Baba& White 6.1 2.7 3.1 2.3 0.8
Bangili 3 0.5 1.2 2 0.5
Awareness and adop&on of pigeonpea varie&es in Malawi (% households) – Mchinji
district excluded
Variety Awareness of the variety (full sample)
Planted in 2006/07
(full sample)
Planted in 2006/07 (informed
group)
Adop&on Gap
ICEAP 00040 27.0 10.2 35.3 25.1
ICPL 9145 11.1 4.8 42.9 38.1
Mthawajuni 71.6 36.8 50.5 13.7
Any of locals 98.2 51.8 52.5 0.7
Any of improved variety
33.2 13.2 37.7 24.5
Pigeonpea variety Yield (t/ha) Net income US$/ha
Local 0.32 62
Improved 0.72 82
Difference 55.6% 24.4%
Yield & profitability of pigeonpea varie&es in Malawi