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04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 11
AVAF 209 Aircraft Structures IIAVAF 209 Aircraft Structures II
I. Evolution of Aircraft StructuresI. Evolution of Aircraft Structures
II. Types of Aircraft Structures:II. Types of Aircraft Structures:A.A. That Produce LiftThat Produce Lift
B.B. That Produce ControlThat Produce Control
C.C. That Modify LiftThat Modify Lift
D.D. That Aid ControlThat Aid Control
E.E. That Hold PeopleThat Hold People
F.F. That Support the Aircraft on the GroundThat Support the Aircraft on the Ground
G.G. That Hold the PowerplantThat Hold the Powerplant
H.H. RotorcraftRotorcraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 22
•Wright brothers
Wilbur
Orville
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 33
•Gustave Whitehead
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 44
•Structure of early machines:•Wings of bent wooden ribs covered with fabric
•Body of open frameworks of wood strips lashed together with wire
•Landing gear were skids
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 55
•Control surfaces •small wings •“Wing Warping”
•Structure of early machines:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 66
•Up to World War I:•drag problem
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 77
•World War I:•Biplane •open cockpits • radial engines
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 88
•metal tube truss construction•Welded thin-walled metal tube • covered with fabric• lighter weight and stronger
•World War I:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 99
•1920s and 30s: •Stressed-Skin construction
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1010
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1111
•Aluminum skin•1920s and 30s:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1212
I. Evolution of Aircraft StructuresI. Evolution of Aircraft StructuresII. Types of Aircraft Structures:II. Types of Aircraft Structures:
A.A. That Produce LiftThat Produce LiftB.B. That Produce ControlThat Produce ControlC.C. That Modify LiftThat Modify LiftD.D. That Aid ControlThat Aid ControlE.E. That Hold PeopleThat Hold PeopleF.F. That Support the Aircraft That Support the Aircraft
(Ground)(Ground)G.G. That Hold the PowerplantThat Hold the PowerplantH.H. RotorcraftRotorcraft
•Aluminum structure •MONOCOQUE construction
•1920s and 30s:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1313
•Since 1930s: •SEMI-MONOCOQUE construction
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1414
•High altitude flight
•Since 1930s:
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1515
•Early 1950s:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1616
Part 91: General Part 91: General Operating and Flight Operating and Flight RulesRules
Special Inspections:Special Inspections:
Part 91GeneralRequired EquipmentMaintenance RequirementsInspectionsSpecial InspectionsMaintenance Records
•Altimeter & Static System, Transponder, ELT, Hard/Overweight Landing, Severe Turbulence, Aging Aircraft
•For certain older Large Aircraft the Pressure Vessel must be specially inspected after so many Pressurization Cycles•Also, after Dec. 16, 2008 all turbine-powered transport category aircraft must have their fuel tank systems specially inspected and maintained
•“Aging Aircraft” – 91.410
•Aloha Airlines “Patio Seating”•Boeing 737-297•April 28, 1988
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1717
Structures That Produce Lift:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1818
AIRFOIL•LEADING EDGE
•TRAILING EDGE
•ASYMMETRICAL
• SYMMETRICAL
Structures That Produce Lift:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 1919
Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2020
Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
HOW?
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2121
Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2222
Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2323
Lift Theories: Bernoulli’s Principle
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2424
Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2525
Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
Downwash Angle
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2626
Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
GreaterDownwash Angle
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2727
Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
Too MuchDownwash Angle
STALL!
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2828
Lift Theories: Newton’s Laws
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
= Too LittleDownwash Angle
STALL!
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 2929
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3030
•CENTER OF GRAVITY
•CENTER OF LIFT
•NOSE-HEAVY AIRCRAFT
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3131
•CANTILEVER (NO EXTERNAL STRUTS)
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3232
•WINGLETS
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3333
•WINGLETS
Structures That Produce Lift:
To create Lift, an AIRFOIL must be moved through the air at an ANGLE OF ATTACK
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3434
•3 AXES:
•LATERAL AXIS
•PITCH
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3535
•3 AXES:
•LONGITUDINAL
AXIS
•ROLL (BANK)
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3636
•3 AXES:
•VERTICAL
AXIS
•YAW
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3737
•PRIMARY CONTROLS:
•ELEVATOR
•AILERONS
•RUDDER
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3838
•PITCH:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 3939
•PITCH:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
•ELEVATOR
•HORIZONTALSTABILIZER
•EMPENNAGE
•TAIL LOAD
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4040
•PITCH:
•WHEEL OR
STICK PULLED
BACK
•TAIL LOAD
INCREASED
•NOSE UP
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4141
•PITCH:
•STABILATOR
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4242
•ROLL:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4343
•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4444
•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4545
•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
LEFT BANK
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4646
•ROLL: AILERONS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4747
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4848
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 4949
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW – 4 WAYS TO COMBAT IT:
•1. PILOT RUDDER ACTION ONLY
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5050
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW – 2. DIFFERENTIAL TRAVEL
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5151
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW – 3. FRISE (freeze) TYPE AILERON
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5252
•ROLL: AILERONS
•ADVERSE YAW –
4. RUDDER-AILERON
INTERCONNECT
SPRINGS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5353
•ROLL: SPOILERS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5454
•ROLL: SPOILERS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5555
•YAW:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5656
•YAW:
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
•RUDDER
•VERTICALSTABILIZER
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5757
•YAW: RUDDER
•PEDALS IN
COCKPIT
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5858
•YAW: RUDDERVATORS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 5959
•YAW:
•RUDDERVATORS
Structures That Produce Control:
To successfully fly, there needs to be some way to control the maneuvering of the aircraft
Elevator Action
Rudder Action
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6060
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASE STALLSPEED•TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK•TO CONTROL THE BOUNDARY LAYER
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6161
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASE STALLSPEED•FLAPS
•TRAILING EDGE•LEADING EDGE
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6262
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6363
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•PLAIN FLAP
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6464
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•SPLIT FLAP
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6565
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•SLOTTED FLAP
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6666
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•FOWLER FLAP
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6767
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TRAILING EDGE FLAPS
•TRIPLESLOTTEDFOWLERFLAP
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6868
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•LEADING EDGE FLAPS
•DROOPED
•KRUEGER
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 6969
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO ALLOW HIGHER ANGLES OF ATTACK•SLOTS•SLATS
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7070
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
SLOTS
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7171
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASESTALL SPEED•TO ALLOWHIGHER ANGLESOF ATTACK
SLATS
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7272
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASESTALL SPEED•TO ALLOWHIGHER ANGLESOF ATTACK
SLATS
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7373
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO CONTROL THE BOUNDARY LAYER•UPPER SURFACE SUCTION•FLAP AUGMENTATION
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7474
•AUXILIARY LIFT DEVICES (HIGH LIFT DEVICES):
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•TO DECREASESTALL SPEED•TO ALLOWHIGHER ANGLESOF ATTACK
SUCTION
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7575
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•WANT WINGROOT TO STALL FIRST
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7676
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•WANT WINGROOT TO STALL FIRST
•STALL STRIP OR TWISTED WING
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7777
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•SHOCK INDUCEDSEPARATION
@ Critical Mach Number
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7878
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•SHOCK INDUCEDSEPARATION
•VORTEXGENERATORS
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 7979
•STALL CONTROL DEVICES:
Structures That Modify Lift:To shorten the Landing and Takeoff rolls and to allow
more weight to be carried:
•SHOCK INDUCEDSEPARATION
•VORTEXGENERATORS
•TIP VORTICES
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8080
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•FIXED TRIM TAB
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8181
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•ADJUSTABLE TRIM TAB
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8282
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•SERVO TAB
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8383
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•ANTI-SERVO TAB
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8484
•SECONDARY CONTROLS OR TABS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•SPRING TAB
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8585
•OTHER AIDS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•RUDDER OVERHANG OR BALANCE SURFACE
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8686
•OTHER AIDS:
Structures That Aid Control:To allow the aircraft to be flown “Hands-off” and to aid the pilot in moving the controls:
•AERODYNAMIC BALANCE PANEL
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8787
Structures That Hold People:To protect the crew and passengers,
withstand the stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all other major
components
•Truss•Pratt
•Longerons•Struts•Wire Stays
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8888
Structures That Hold People:To protect the crew and passengers,
withstand the stresses created in flight and landing, and mount all other major
components
•Truss•Warren
•MetalTubing
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 8989
•Conventional Landing Gear:
•Tail Wheel
•2 Main Wheels
•“Tail Dragger”
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9090
•Conventional Landing Gear:
•Ground Loop
•Visibility on Ground
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9191
•Tricycle Landing Gear:
•Nose Wheel
•2 Main Wheels
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9292
•Drag Problems:
•Fixed Gear
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9393
•Drag Problems:
•Fixed Gear
•Wheel Fairings
•“Wheel Pants”
•Streamlines
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9494
•Drag Problems:
•Retractable
Gear
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9595
•Other Types of Landing Gear:
•Floats
•With wheels =
Amphibian
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9696
•Other Types of Landing Gear:
•Seaplane
•With wheels =
Amphibian
Structures That Support the Aircraft on the Ground:
To absorb the landing stresses and allow movement on the ground:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9797
•Reciprocating (Piston) Engines:•The engine is attached inside the cowling to an ENGINE MOUNT which may be:
•Semimonocoque
•Welded tubular
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9898
•Reciprocating (Piston) Engines:•The engine is attached inside the cowling to an ENGINE MOUNT which may be
•Semimonocoque
•Welded tubular
•“Rails” or “Cradle”
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 9999
•Reciprocating (Piston) Engines:
•On all, the engine is attached to the mount by RUBBER SHOCK MOUNTS
•Known generically as “Lord Mounts”
•Isolate engine vibrations from the fuselage
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 100100
•Turbine (Jet) Engines:•Turbine engines are mounted in PODS or NACELLES under the wings or on the side of the rear fuselage or inside the fuselage
•The pods are attached with PYLONS
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 101101
•Turbine (Jet) Engines:
That Hold the Powerplant:To hold the Powerplants in position,absorb the vibration, and cool and streamline them:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 102102
Rotorcraft:
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 103103
Rotorcraft:
Structures :
04/07/2304/07/23 Author: Harry L. WhiteheadAuthor: Harry L. Whitehead 104104