Nerve Cell

Excitatory and Inhibitory signals

Excitatory and inhibitory currents have competitive effects in a single nerve cell. (Adapted from Eckert et al., 1988.)

Inhibition

Organization of Neurons for Relaying Signals

Convergence and Divergence

Reverberatory (Oscillatory) Circuit as a Cause of Signal Prolongation.

Stretch Reflex

Withdrawal Reflex

Withdrawal and Crossed Extensor Reflex

Polysynaptic Reflex

Spinothalamic Tract

Posterior Column

Pyramidal tract

Auditory Pathway

Functional organization of cerebellum

Cerebellar cellular architecture

Cerebral cortex

Motor control circuits

Basal Ganglia connections

Disinhibition

Brain white matter tracts

White matter tracts imaging

Unimodal sensory inputs converge on multimodal association areas

Memory Storage connections

Reticular activating system

Interaction Among Association Areas Leads to Comprehension, Cognition, and Consciousness

Visual Pathway

Retina Functional organization