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Development of Sport
Revision Guide
Pre-Industrial Britain: Limited leisure time Church Calendar Festivals
Pre-Industiral Society:The period of time prior to the Industrial Revolution (1750 – 1850)
Rural Communities Limited Transport Gentry/Peasantry
Ancient Origins:Early sport was based around.preparation for war (archery/jousting).
Festival Games:Revolved around church /agricultural calendar.Release of aggression – mob football.
Effects of the Industrial Revolution on Sport
Less time initially/long
working hours
Less space/loss of common land
Saturday half day/working
holidays
Led to need for national set of
rules
Development of
factory/church teams that competed
against others
Reduction in violence/need for fit
and healthy workforce
Development of transport
meant teams could travel to play in
other towns
More psectating
than playing as too many people not
enough opportunity
Condification and the Introduction of National Governing Bodies
Towns and schools had localised rules Need for common set of rules Students brought rules to ‘Oxbridge Melting Pot’ Written rules recorded Development of competition Governing Bodies National Bodies to oversee rules, competitions and structure of
sports
Codification and the Diffusion of Sport
Colonial:Former Public School boys working for the British Empire abroad
Army:Officers shared sports with working class soldiers
Industry:Once finished school, students went back to fathers factories.Forming of factory teams
University:Provided greater opportunity and resources
Patronage:Patrons supported sporting events and competitions
Teachers:Many former pupils became teachers and delivered similar sports
Administration:When playing days were over many joined governing bodies to develop sport further and formulate national rules
Church:Nature of schooling meant many boys took up roles within the church which led to fromation of teams.
The Olympic Games
William Penny Brookes Barron Pierre De
Courbetin Much Wenlock Games Festivals of sport All competing on a level
playing field Amateur Competitors from all
walks of life. Rise of sport as a Business: Development in transport
and media coverage TV Audiences of over 4
Billion Exclusive TV rights Sponsorship and branding Shop Window – political/
propagada uses
Globalisation and its effects: Diffusion of sport across the globe with cultural adaptations Massive audience provide excellent stage to gain maximum
exposure Examples include:
o Berlin 1936 Nazi propagandao Mexico 1968 Black power anti-racism saluteo Moscow 1980 – US boycott o Los Angeles - 1984 Russian Boycott
Date Venue Major Incident1896 Athens First olympics to be
held1936 Berlin Hitlers games – nazi
propeganda1968 Mexico Black Power1972 Munich Arab terrorists hijack
Israeli Athletes1976 Monteal Games went bankrupt
–spiralling costs due to increased security
1980 Moscow USA Boycotted in protest of Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1984 Los Angeles ‘Hamburger’ Olympics – commercialisation‘Tit for Tat’ – Russia Boycott
1988 Seoul Ben Johnson stripped of 100m Olympic gold
1996 Atlanta Controversy over Athens not being awarded century games went to Atlanta instead – home of major sponsor coca-cola
2004 Athens On the eve of games two greek sprinters tested positive and banned
Americanisation and Commercialisation:
Peter Uberroth – ’86 LA games first to make profit
‘Hamburger’ Games Sponsorship and media fees Changes in ethics (amateur to
gamesmanship) The Olympic Programme – sale of
the 5 rings Exclusive TV rights ’96 Atlanta Games – Coca-cola
Major Olympic Games
Sportmanship – Playing within the rules of the game
Gamesmanship – Win at all costs – bending the rules in order to win
Remember to give examplesAmateurismCompeting for the
love of the sport and without rewards
ShamateurismCustum of pre-1990 athletes who were
amateur but received unofficial
payments via commercial
scholarships or state bursaries
ProfessionalismCompeting for
monetry rewards
Deviance in Sport
The Professional Foul
Deliberately trying to impede, obstruct or injure an oponent to get the right result.Stamping in rugbyProfessional foul in football (deliberate foul to prevent scoring)‘Sacking’ (injuring) of quarter back
WADA
World Anti-Drugs Agency
Set up in 1998 because of
doping problems
Testing and results
management
Education and research
National and International
Policy and standards
Mission:To promote and co-ordinate at international level the fight against doping in sport in all
forms
Comprehensive database of
drug information Regular testing
Impossible to stay ahead of the chemists
Genetic Engineering
Drugs specifc to atheltes geneticsGenetic info used to identify talentAthletes genetic composition modified to improve performanceCells of newly fertilised eggs to produce super athletes
Performance Pathways
Performance Pathways
National and International level
Club or County Level
Participation – Fun/enjoyment
Grass Roots level - young
Make sure you know the differences between agencies:
What are their main roles?
What level do they cater for?
What are their aims?
What initiatives do
UK SPORT
UK Sports Agencies
SPORT ENGLAND
YOUTH SPORT TRUST
3 main agencies:
UK SPORTSupport and develop Olympic and ParalympicSPORT ENGLANDMore people active2 million by 2012Distribution of lottery moneyDevelop fall off from school age.YSTTOP ProgrammesPathwaysSports CollegesPESSCL Strategy
Use examples from your
sport
Traditional Pathways
Pathways for aspring athletes
The School Sports Pathway
Combat post 16 fall out from sport
The Post School Gap
Different parthways for different sports.MAKE SURE YOU KNOW
E.G. ESFACompetitionsEvents
On average only 5% of school children are involved in competitive sport
National Framework for Sport: Joint Venture from UK Sport, UK
Sports Institutes and governing bodies
Making England an active and successful nation 2020
20 priority sports and 10 development sports
Game Plan: Increase in participation
for health benefits – 70% active
Improvement in success in international competition – top five world rankings for
Sporting Future for All: Published in 2000 Superseeded by the
National Framework for Sport
Sport Search Programmes
Identifying potential sporting talent
Online system aimed at 11-17 year olds
Objective to allow young people to assess their suitablility in 150 sports
Closed Loop Sports
Open Loop Sports
Know the difference and give examples
Talent ID in East Germany: Wanted to use Olympic
success as a shop window Every child was screened
at 7 for sporting potential High scoring children
invited to train regularly At age of 10 they were
transferred to sports boarding school
6 hours sport 2 hours academic
Elite athletes based at high performance centres
Talent ID in Australia: Dissapointment at
Montreal Olympics in ‘76 AIS (Australian Institute
of Sport) opened in1981 Scholarships to over 600
athletes 32 sports 75 full time coaches Seven satellite institues
in all state capitals Developed Sports
Search Based on fitness and
body measurements Every high school visited
in build up to 2000 Sydney
Considered elitist as only 2% went through to
Talent Identification
Talent ID in the UK
Talent search within the National Framework for Sport.
Talent ID and fast track development
EIS (English Institute of Sport)
Employed dedicated talent ID spoecialists
Searched the country Specifically for new
olypic sports like basketball, handball and volleyball
World Class Pathway
World Class Talent World Class Development World Class Podium
World Class Performance Programme
Identifying top performers
Providing top class facitlites
Providing support
SPORT SEARCH ATHLETE AWARDS SCHOOL GAMES
GIFTED & TALENTED PERFORMANCE
EIS High Performance Centres
Top class facilities Provide a a
comprehensive network of services
Sports Science Sports Medicine and
rehabilitiation Support personel
Don’ts forget the other talent development programmes!
TASS - Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme
AASE – Advanced Apprentiship in Sporting Excellence
DO YOU KNOW WHAT THESE
SCHEMES DO?
Lifelong Involvement
Lifelong Involvement
Mass Participation:Break through constraints to encourage everyone to take up an active lifestyle
Intrinsic and Extrinsic benefits
Benefits for society Benefits for crime
rate/anti social behaviour
Benefits for Health Service
Benefits for the economy
Lifetime Sports: Pursue throughout life Eg’s are golf and
badminton Self-paced sports Low impact Fun and Enjoyment Aim to guide school
leavers to active lifetime sports and prevent fall out from physical activity
Leadership and Volunteer Schemes
Sports Leaders AwardsOverseen by Sport Leaders UK – aimed at school aged students.
Step into SportJoint venture from Sport England, YST and Sports Leaders aimed at getting 14-19 year olds involved in leadership and coaching.
Sport England’s Paricipation Segments
DO YOU KNOW EXAMPLES OF TARGET GROUPS?
Opportunity: Time Money Ability
Provision: Facilities Inner City Rural Equipmen
t Hire
Esteem: Societies
view/judgement
‘Traditional’ gender sports
Stereotypes
SPORT FOR ALL CAMPAIGN: Introduced in 1972 Highlights vlaue of sport and need to
be active To increase the opportunities
available Particularly focussing on target
groups
Peer Pressure:
Negative Teenage
fall out
Geographical :
Where a person lives
Give eg’s
Educational: Dependent
on schooling and experiences
School facilities
Reformative Policies
Making England Active:Aims to help people of all ages start and remain in sportIncrease opportunitiesDevelop a network of clubs, coaches and volunteers
Multi-sports HubsCommunity sports centres offering a multitude of sportsEducational, health and social welfare servicesSport England see these as key for boosting participation
Active Places:Web based resourceSearch for facilities in localityMakes it easier to get involved
Public Service Agreement:Department of Culture, Media and Sport and Sport EnglandTarget – 85% of children accessing 2 hours of PE by 2008Target – Increase participation by 3% in target groups
Active People Survey:Sport England surveyTrack targets every three years
Programming: Sport centres use
particular sessions aimed at target groups
Women only/over 50’s etc
Local Shemes: Age well sessions Ironing services Free creches GP referrals
Concessions: Reuced session
fees and mmbership rates for target groups
Schemes in place to provide greater opportunities
County and School Partnerships: 43 County Sports Partnerships Develop & streamline network of clubs,
coaches, volunteers and competitions 400 school sports partnerships Delivery of PESSCL
Technical Developments and Cultural Trends
Reformative Programmes
Private gyms and health clubs Fashion and the role of the media Technology and access
cheaper equipment Adrenalin and Adventure sports Impact of the 2012 Olympic Games
Specialist Agencies
Women’s Sports Foundation (WSF)Aim – to promote opportunities for women in sport
WSF Awards – aids preparation for international competition
Elite Sports workshops (dealing with media, gaining sponsorships)
National Action Plan – to help achieve sporting equality Women into high performance coaching Women Get Set Go – enabling women to get into
leadership Women in Sports Resources – assist schools, clubs etc
English Federation of Disabiliy Sport
The national body for developing sport for people with disabilities
Works closely with:o British Amputee and Les Autres Sport Associationo British Blind Sporto Wheelpower British Wheelchair sporto Mencap Sporto UK Deaf Sport
Promote inclusion and equality ‘Count Me In’ programme
Kick It Out Lets kick racism out of football Football against Racism in Europe (FARE)
Long Term Athlete Development
PhilosophyTo provide:
Pathways that introduce people into sport Pathways that allow people to progress in that sport
Fun and enjoymentBoys aged 6-9 and girls 6-8Fundemental motor skills
Major learning stageBoys aged 9-12 and girls 8-1180% train 20% copmpetition
Build an aeroibc base, speed, strength etcBoys aged 12-16 and girls 11-15
Optimise fitnessDevelop position specific skillsMales 16-23 and females 15-Final stageWorking towards podium performanceMaximise fitness and technicalMales 19+ and Females 18+At the end of careerMoving from one sport to anotherMove from competitive to recreationalCoaching/ officiating/ media