World History 1 Final Review - Europe (Middle Ages - Industrial Revolution)

- Middle Ages - Scientific Revolution- Charlemagne - Enlightenment- Feudalism - French Revolution - Crusades - Napoleon- Medieval Society - Industrial Revolution - Renaissance- Reformation - Absolutism

Middle Ages

• Rome falls• Feudalism and the Catholic Church

provide stability during this period• Rome is Replaced by lots of small

kingdoms, most notably…- Frankish kingdom, including present-day France, largest- Charlemagne becomes leader of the Franks in 768

Charlemagne, 771-814

• Strengthened royal powerand limited power of nobles

• Supported Church and crowned “Roman Emperor”

• Encouraged learning by surrounding himself with scholars and founding schools

Charlemagne’s Empire

Age of Feudalism

• Europe is attacked from 850-950 by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

• In exchange for protection, vassals living on manors, were granted fiefs, by lords

• Peasants paid tithes to church• Gave rise to the Age of Chivalry

Crusades

• In 1093, Pope Urban II calls for a “holy war” to gain control of the Holy Land

• First Crusade, 1096-1099, succeeds in recapturing Jerusalem

• Second Crusade, 1147-1149, launched to regain control, after it is conquered by the Turks

• Third Crusade, 1189-1191 ends in a truce• Fourth Crusade, 1204, fails to capture Jerusalem, and

knights instead loot Constantinople

Effects of Crusades• Expansion in trade

and increase in cultural exchanges between Europe and Middle East

• Power of Pope decreases

• Power of Kingsincreases

• Legacy of bitterness between Christians and Muslims

Medieval Society

• Growing Food Supply• Formation of Guilds• Increase in trade• Growth of business and banking• Towns grow• Rise of a merchant class• Growth of learning

Beginnings of Modern Democracy

• Nobles force King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215

• Common law• Court systems• Parliament (England)

• Estates General (France)

Other changes in Medieval Society

• Bubonic plague strikes, killing 1/3 of population of Europe

• Longbow changes warfare• Nationalism emerges in France and

England • Hundred Years’ War between France

and England ends 1453

Renaissance

• Why it begins in Italy– City-States– Merchant Class

– Humanism – Secularism

Impact of the Renaissance

• Art draws on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome

• Due to the invention of the printing press, books become more widely available

• People question political structures and religious practices

Reformation

• Problems within the Church• Most priests were poorly educated• Growing wealth and increased corruption• Practice of selling indulgences

• Martin Luther responds with 95 Theses in 1517 and says that “salvation comes through faith alone”

• Henry VIII breaks away in 1534 and becomes the head of the Church of England because the Pope would not grant him a divorce

Catholic Response

• Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Church’s interpretation of Bible is final• Bans false selling of indulgences• Both faith and works are necessary for

salvation• Order of

Jesuits

Age of Absolutism• Absolutism - the belief that one ruler should

hold all of the power within the boundaries of a country. Ruled by Divine Right.

“L état, c’est moi”

Scientific Revolution

• What led to it– Age of Discoveries– Printing press– Need for new

geographic instruments

• Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory of the universe

• Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler develop the scientific method

Enlightenment

• Thomas Hobbes - Social Contract• John Locke - natural rights• Montesquieu - separation of powers• Voltaire - freedom of speech

French Revolution

• Causes– Enlightenment ideas– Economic troubles– Dissatisfied Third Estate– Weak leadership of Louis XVI– Extravagant living of

Louis and Marie Antoinette

Napoleon

• Restores order • Creates lycées• Establishes

Napoleonic Code• Signs Concordat with Pope• Expands Empire• Finally defeated at

Waterloo

Congress of Vienna (1815)

• Restore balance of power to Europe

• Restore European royal families to their thrones

• Prevent future French aggression

Rise of Nation-State

• Nationalism - belief that people should be loyal to their nation

• Bonds that create a Nation-State:- History - Language- Territory - Nationality- Religion - Culture

Industrial Revolution

• Begins in England…- Enclosure Movement- System of crop rotation- Extensive natural resources- Human resources and capital

• New Inventions- Steam engine, railroads, spinning jenny

• Effects on the Middle Class- Long hours, harsh working conditions,

crowded cities- Growing middle-class- Began to organize

• Capitalism, Socialism, Marxism- Adam Smith & laissez-faire- Marx, Engels & Marxism