Ppt race and ethnic variations revised

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Race and Ethnic Variations


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Questions everyone received points for…9. Compared to women in monogamous marriages,

women in polygamous marriages have

10. Polyandry…

14. In 2006, the median family income for Americans was:

25. Which type of capital refers to the skills and abilities one has accumulated such as abilities to read, write, and perform quantitative operations?

56.The major conceptual tools for time analysis in the developmental frame of reference is the


Challenging questions

31. When a researcher establishes that one variable preceded another in time, s/he has established– causal variation (28%)– causal ordering (27%)– spuriousness (8%)– Correlation (37%)


Challenging questions

62. Dr. Anguiano is collecting survey data on students from CSULA on perceived acculturative stress. He is interested in how African American college students perceive their environment and how that impacts their academic experience. He would like to talk about how his results reflect the African American experience in the US. Given his sample he may have issues with: – Interactions (3%)– Representativeness (38%)– construct validity (49%)– Population (9%)


Future questions…

Which of the following claims can be made when describing the feminization of poverty from a structural-functional frame of reference,

– Women base their sense of self on the wage inequalities between men and women, creating feelings of worthlessness that cause them to experience higher rates of poverty. (6%)

– The inadequate levels of support from fathers create an inevitable conflict in spousal relations causing women to experience higher rates of poverty.(20%)

– Shifts in societal norms that affect the family institution, such as norms of marriage and divorce, are a threat to survival and contribute to the feminization of poverty. (62%)

– The feminization of poverty cannot be analyzed from a structural-functional frame of reference. (12%)


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Studying Practices


Chapter 5: Race and Ethnic Variations


Race and Ethnicity

Race is a socially constructed classification system that assumes that physical differences represent genetic, biological, and psychological capabilities and predispositions.

Ethnicity refers to people from different cultural backgrounds.


National Institute of Health Racial/Ethnic classification Ethnic Categories:

– Hispanic or Latino: A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. The term “Spanish origin” can also be used in addition to “Hispanic or Latino.”

– Not Hispanic or Latino

Racial Categories: – American Indian or Alaska Native: A person having origins in any of the original

peoples of North, Central, or South America, and who maintains tribal affiliations or community attachment.

– Asian: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. (Note: Individuals from the Philippine Islands have been recorded as Pacific Islanders in previous data collection strategies.)

– Black or African American: A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. Terms such as “Haitian” or “Negro” can be used in addition to “Black or African American.”

– Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.

– White: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.


Historical Context

Cultural themes that distinguish minority from dominant race/ethnic groups in the US:

1. Collectivism/communalism (vs. Individualism)

2. Familism

3. Patriachy


Assimilation and Acculturation

For minority groups in the U.S.: Assimilation—integration into existing

systems of social relationships.

Acculturation—adoption of dominant cultural values.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBRDoXqqLO4





What does acculturation mean at the individual level?

Integrated/Bicultural

(Stew)

Separated/Segregated

(“Barrio”)

Marginalized

(Invisible)

Assimilated

(Melting Pot)

Majorit

y

Minority


Ecological Conditions

Race and ethnic differences may be the result of ecological conditions brought about by prior historical experience. These include:– Social class– Prejudice– Discrimination– Segregation


Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Percent of Population with a Bachelor’s Degree or Higher by Hispanic Origin: 2000Degree or Higher by Hispanic Origin: 2000

Perc

ent

(Population 25 years and over)(Population 25 years and over)

10.6

6.9

13

23

17.4

28.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Hispanic Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Central andSouth

American

Non-HispanicWhite

Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-4


Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice refers to negative impressions and bias towards minority group members.

Discrimination refers to negative and exclusionary behaviors towards minority group members.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AR3vB2X21kE&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bf2LB0IG1xo



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bf2LB0IG1xo


12.6% of the US population2010 Census

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV20s2giItQ&feature=related





African Americans

Until 2001, were the Largest Racial-Ethnic Minority Group in the U.S. (12.5% of U.S. Population

Not a Uniform Entity, but a Very Diverse Group

Understood Within a Particular Social and Historical Context


Historical Transitions Affecting African American Families

From Africa to the United States

From Slavery to Emancipation

From Rural/Southern to Urban/Northern Areas


From Africa to the U.S. The three relevant factors in this transition

are:– Color–Skin tone has always had significant

effects on educational attainment, occupation, and income.

– Cultural Discontinuity–Culture disrupted by slavery and social conditions in the U.S.

– Slavery–African Americans did not choose to come here.


From Slavery to Emancipation

The Emancipation Proclamation and the end of slavery resulted in three patterns of family life:

– Tenant farmers;

– Skilled laborers; and

– Disrupted families.


From the Rural South to the Urban North

This geographic shift resulted in:– Metropolitan/urban residence– Heavy concentrations of poverty– Disruption of nuclear families– Geographic separation from extended families– Increased access to schools, social services, and

medical facilities



Socioeconomic Context

Black Americans have realized tremendous gains in recent years.

Disparities still exist in:– Employment– Income– Education levels


For example…


Two Patterns of African American Family

Matricentric—Female headed with males who come and go and who may struggle with unemployment and incarceration.– 55-60% of the African American Population

Two-parent—Males are likely to have more stable employment and assume an active role in decision-making and child-rearing responsibilities.

There is a wide range of family structures beyond these two patterns


African American Parents and Children Parenting

– Importance of extended family and kin– Hierarchical – Harsh discipline

Challenges– Economic conditions– Social prejudices and bigotry




Hispanic American Families The Hispanic American population includes

people of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, South and Central American, and Spanish origin.

The Hispanic American population is the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority population in the U.S.


Common Characteristics of Hispanic American Families

Collectivism/communalism—The incorporation of friends and extended family members into the lives of parents and children (compadrazgo)

Familism—High levels of obligation and responsibility to family members

Patriarchy—Emphasis on male leadership (machismo) and female subordination (marianism)



Socioeconomic conditions vary widely between Hispanic groups

– Cubans are best off financially

– Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans have higher rates of poverty


Patterns of Hispanic Family Life Hispanic families fall between Blacks and

Whites in percentages of both married couple and single parent families.

Female-headed families are more likely to be poor.

Male-female roles are changing. Levels of extended family integration are

higher than for White Americans.

Mexican

Cuban

Puerto Rican

Central and SouthAmerican

57%

36%

7%

10%

25%

65%

Female householder,no spouse present

Married couple

Male householder,no spouse present

Family Households by Type and Hispanic Origin Family Households by Type and Hispanic Origin Group:Group: 20002000

70%

21%

9%

77%

18%5%

Source: Current Population Survey, March 2000, PGP-4


Hispanic Parents and Children

Parenting – Hierarchical parenting style– Cultural Values: relationships, respect,

responsibility

Challenges– Parents may be challenged to apply new child-

rearing scripts




Asian American Families

Chinese Filipino Asian Indian Vietnamese Korean Hawaiian Samoan

Japanese Thai Laotian Cambodian Hmong Guamanian



Historical and Socioeconomic Context

Compared to White non-Hispanics, Asian Americans as a group are younger, better educated, and have higher median family incomes.

Within this group there are substantial differences

in ancestry, language, culture, immigration, and residence patterns.


Marital/Family Patterns

Asian American Families are Characterized by:– High Marriage Rates– Low Divorce Rates– Strong Kinship Associations– Care of the Elderly– Children who Tend Toward Cultural

Assimilation


Asian American Parents and Children Parenting

– Parents often adopt the Confucian training doctrine in child rearing.

Challenges– Model minority




Native American Families

Hundreds of Distinct Tribes or Nations Over Half Live on Tribal Designated Areas,

Reservations, or Trust Lands Increased Numbers of Native Americans

Because of:– Rising Birth Rates

– Reduced Infant Mortality

– More People Identifying as Native American



Historical Context

Native Americans were the most disrupted of any minority group in the United States because:– Tribal lands were forcibly taken and others

franchised to Christian groups for proselytizing;– Educational systems were designed to separate

children from families and instill non-native values; and

– The federal government attempted to break up tribal landholdings and turn Native Americans into individual landowners and taxpayers.



Lower median age Shorter life expectancy Low educational achievement Under- and unemployment Poor housing conditions


Marital/Family Patterns

Low Marriage Rates High Rates of Interracial Marriage Strong Kinship Ties Extended Family Support Networks Less Rigid Gender Roles High Status for Elders


Native American Parents and Children Parenting

– Influenced by reservation life.– Children are viewed as treasured gifts; individual

differences are tolerated and accepted.– Parenting style perceived to be permissive but is not

Challenges– Influenced by reservation life.– Poverty




Caucasian (non-Hispanic) Make up a large percentage of the U. S. population

(64% are white non-Hispanic) Racial category created by the census Includes immigrants of Europe, Middle East, and

Northern Africa Largest ancestry groups:

– German Americans (16.5%) – Irish Americans (11.9%) – English Americans (9.0%)– Italian Americans (5.8%) – Polish Americans (3.3%)

Of all ethnic/racial groups, Caucasians have the largest gender inequality in median income


Caucasian (non-Hispanic)


Caucasian American Parents and Children Parenting

– Parents follow values of individualism, that highlight independence, self-reliance, self-interest, and autonomy

Challenges– Maintaining ancestral culture

Spiritual

Ppt race and ethnic variations revised