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Narrative as a Research method - workshop at TAR College 2nd May 2012
Citation preview
Narrativeas a research method
Murray HunterUniversity Malaysia Perlis
Logical Reasoned
Precise
Time Orientated
Language
Intuitive
Holistic Spatial Conceptual
Mathematical
Imagination
Empathy
Emotional
Music
This gives us two views of the world
We view the world through field dependence or independence (Witkin 1954, 1973, 1977)
Left Hand Side
Sequential processing, A to b to C Looks at facts and detailed information Splits the world into concrete and
identifiable categories Logical cause and effect reasoning Linear thinking from task to task Follows on pre-existing fixed rules Maths and science Statistically inclined Systematic appraisal Thinks in words and language Utilizes the concept of time, past and
present Objective reality based Logically strategizes Splits things apart Knows Acknowledges Reality based Realistic Safety, risk adverse
Right Hand Side
Holistic processing, big picture orientated
Visual and spatial Looks at the whole rather than pieces Analogic: sees similarities and
resemblances Feelings and emotional thought Philosophy and religion Thinks in images Transformative Intuitive Looks for relationships, patterns, makes
associations Looks for unbounded connections Lumps things together: connector Imagination Present and future orientated Looks at possibilities Uses symbols and images Believes Appreciates Fantasy based Impetuous Adventurous, risk taker
However only the left can speak out
Yellow Blue Orange Black Red Green Purple Yellow Red Orange Green Black Blue Red Purple Green Blue Orange
Please say the colours
An example of hemisphere conflict
The ability to manipulate The ability to imagine
The Prefrontal Cortex
Emotions influence our decisions before reasoning, a leftover from our primal existence.
The Fourth Factor
Is it rationality or emotion you that makes you decide to buy a car like
this?
Groups have primal narratives
Why do we buy fine fragrances?
A cat also has consciousness
Cats can solve problems and learn
Communicate
Cats can act socially
Have mental maps
Many apes have empathy
The dawn of man
Narrative is the heart of consciousness
Consciousness is partly a social phenomena
Narrative expresses ……………..
Hopes Feelings
Problem solvingMeans of transferring ideas
Imagination
Meaning
Empathy
Sharing values
Sharing beliefs
Self identity
Ethical & spiritual codes
Fears
Social hierarchies
Our relational position to society
Our projections
Our introspections
The Four Part Brain
1. Rational
2. Holistic
3. Empathic/Imaginative
4. Emotional
We live in a quantitative World
Organization is quantitative
Scientific Management
Newtonian Physics
So when research is considered
Causation, correlation or even reverse causation?
White, Roderick E. , Thornhill, Stewart and Hampson, Elizabeth, Entrepreneurs and Evolutionary Biology: The Relationship between Testosterone and New Venture Creation (2003). Babson College, Babson Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BKERC), 2002-2006
High-testosterone entrepreneurs lead bigger--but less profitable--firms
ENTREPRENEURS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TESTOSTERONE AND NEW VENTURE What drives women out of
entrepreneurship? The joint role of testosterone and culture
The fallacy of factors leading to success
Factors contributing to the growth of small manufacturing firms: data from Australia
The key success factors, distinctive capabilities, and strategic thrusts of top SMEs in Singapore
Raw materials
Transport
Production Transport
Warehouse
Supermarket
Community
Farm
Transport
Education
Research & Development
Management
Fossil Fuels Pollution
Power generation
Export/Import
Air Transport
Waste
Competition & Tension
Conflict
Government
Diversity
Economic Growth
Health Development Poverty &
Unhappiness
Consumption
Uncertainty
New Paradigms
Regulation
A simplified environment
More Complex Problems
Yield and Chemical
Constituents of the
Essential Oil
Location
Topography
Slope & drainage
Climate
Sunshine hours
Seasons
Rainfall
Humidity
Temperature
UV radiation
Genetic Material
Collection
Purchase
Plant physiology
Propagation characteristics
Soil
Nutrients
pH
Drainage & water holding qualities
Humus
Compactness
Mineral residuals
Agronomic Practices
Soil type
Irrigation
Pest & weed control
Plant densities
Harvest & Extraction Practices
Time & method of harvest
Pre-harvest handling & preparation
Method of extraction Extraction time
Losing sight of variables
Does quantitative research give meaning?
Reductionist Quantitative Research
But what is it really?
You might learn a lot about a little bit
Holistic Qualitative Research
What is Meaning?
GREAT SCENE - The Graduate (finale).mp4
Situational and contextual meaning does not make for good quantitative research
Can quantitative research clear up ambiguity?
Even simple environments are complex and have multiple perspectives
“We would be very happy if our
children undertook higher education”
Attempt to impress listener
Deny an unhappy family life
Cultural expectations
Keeping up with the “Jones”
Could be the truth
Narrative device of optimism
Keeping Face
Showing off
Peoples statements can have multiple meanings
Narrative as hope
Narrative as we want others to see us
Narrative as we see our self
Narrative as we want to suppress
Reality
Narrative as Truth
What is the truth anyway?
All such notions as causation, succession and primary agent
relationships are all figments of the imagination which can have multiple
explanations. Narrative lets us see the explanation from the actor’s
point of view.
A descriptive theory is a narrative
A descriptive theory is “the way things are” which in most disciplines we rarely get right.
Normative theories are common narratives
A normative theory is a predictive, instrumental, or positivist theory
All great normative theories? Which one works?
Is there such thing as a positivist theory that actually works?
The truth keeps changing as we see new
things
Narrative can accommodate ambiguity much better than qualitative research
Isn’t management ambiguous?
Stakeholder wants
The environment
Labour relationsPolitics
Power
Personalities
Motivations
Paradoxes, cost-quality, sales-profit, hierarchy-
knowledge etc
Chaotic environment
Management prerogative
NegotiationsCompetitors
Narrative is empirical research just as quantitative research is
Ricoeur argues that there is an integral connection between narrative and action.
Narratives lead individuals to intervene in the course of things. The action derives from
intention or motivation, based on the particular narratives of an individual, irrespective of whether these are self
generated, after appropriation from a culture.
Drummond argues ‘that narrative is the fundamental scheme for linking individual human action and events into interrelated aspects of an understandable composite’.
Drummond argues organisation culture, leadership, conflict and change are narratives. One way of framing this is that organisation culture is composed of many narratives with enough coherence between them to give a sense of the whole’.36 Change occurs when new narratives replace old narratives. If the change is superficial, then the narratives could be described as morphostatic; (changing the chairs on the Titanic would not stop the ship sinking); or morphogenic; where things will never be the same again’.37 Hence, it can be argued that the linking of strategy and complexity through narrative theory collectively extends each theory and provides a theoretical underpinning to understand better these concepts and the linkages between them.
A theoretical link must now be made between narrative and strategy and again the work of Ricoeur is instructive, beginning with narrative and the individual. This will lead us to make the connection between narrative and organisational strategy which in turn leads to the concept of identification since an organisation’s strategy requires individuals (members of the organisation) it identify with it, or support it, at least in some minimal ways.
Narrative as a story
• The way that stories are told, how meaning is constructed to achieve the understanding of the audience.
• Groups events into cause and effect – action and inaction.• Organises time and space in very compressed form.• The voice of the narrative can vary; whose story is being
told and from whose perspective?• Narrative plot refers to everything audibly or visibly
present, i.e. selective.• Narrative story refers to all the events, explicitly
presented or referred.
• As children we listen to fairytales and myths/legends. As we grow older, we read short stories, novels, history and biographies.
• Religion is often presented through a collection of “stories/moral tales” e.g. the Bible, the Ramayana, etc.
• Scientific breakthrough is often presented as stories of an experimenter/scientist’s trials.
• Cultural phenomena such as plays, films, dance and paintings tell stories.
• News events are told as stories.• Dreams are retold as stories.
We use narratives or stories to make sense of our lives and the world around us. There different ways in which we use the narrative form:
The world is seen from our own perspective – our narrative
Memory is in “I” & “Me” Mode
Knowledge Belief Truth
Imagination
Memory
How many Chalices are in Leonardo da
Vinci’s painting of the Last
Supper?
We see what we want to see
Experience introduces feeling & emotion to learning
Meaning• Dear Honorable Dato'/Prof./Assoc.Prof./Dr./Mr/Mrs/Miss,
Kindly be informed that there will be a talk on "Science of Knowledge", scheduled as follows :
Date : 9th September 2011 (Friday)Time : 3.00 pm ~ 4.30 pm Venue : PPIPT Meeting Room, Block A Attendance : Compulsory to all academic staffsSpeaker : Honorable Prof. Dato' Wira Dr. Mohd Salleh Bin Hj Din
Your commitment and attendance is deeply appreciated.
Thanking in advance.
Confidence?
The Things we thinkThe things we do
The intentions we haveThe things we buy
Are all governed by our own stories
Meaning
We give symbols common meaning to form society’s narrative
A Product is a Narrative
Heaven Strategy (Dan Hill 2010)
Emotional Response
Response Rate
Negative Positive
Low
High
More negative/high
response
More positive/lower
response
More negative/lower
response
More positive/highe
r response
BIG M 1976 AUSTRALIAN AD - YouTube.flv
Stories we construct
Stories we construct shape our assumptions, beliefs and values
How do you know?
Archetypes
• The hero (seeking something)• The Villain (opposing the hero)
• The donor/benefactor/provider (a helper)• The dispatcher (sends the hero on his/her way)
• The false hero (falsely assuming the role of the hero)• The helper (assisting the hero)
• The princess (seeking protection of the hero)
Our different selves can be considered archetypes
Discovering Meaning
How many stories are there here?
Narrative gives meaning – without narrative there is no meaning
Most of the time we project our meanings onto
others
Stereotyping
Who is the successful person here?
Who is the most
successful here?
Value is socially constructed
Meaning is relative
Gender is a relative concept
Building Frameworks or our own Meta-
Theories
Narrative integrates subjectivity and objectivity through
storytelling to produce scientific explanations (i.e., meaning) of
the world
Narrative deals with the development of stories over time (a longitudinal study)
Narrative creates our identity
Narrative is a form of ‘meaning making’. It is a complex form which expresses itself by drawing together descriptions of states of affairs contained in individual sentences into particular types of discourse. This drawing together creates a higher order of meaning that discloses relationships among states of affairs.
Narrative recognizes the meaningfulness of individual experiences by noting how they function as parts of a whole. Its particular subject matter is human actions and events that affect human beings, which it configures into wholes according to the roles these actions and events play in bringing about a conclusion. Because narrative is particularly sensitive to the temporal dimension of human existence, it pays special attention to the sequence of actions and events occur.
Poklinghorne, D. E. (1988) Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences, Albany, NY State University of New York Press.
Narratives come into existence……Events happen and we observe and participate in them and we make conscious (and unconscious) note of what is happening. Narrative
puts these events into our own context of understanding and feeling.
Narrative is about how we make sense of the world
Narrative is unique to a situation, bit similar situations may have similar narratives by different
people.
Narrative
A Meta-Theory Trap & Filter
Culture (Values, Beliefs & Assumptions)
Emotions
Transactional Analysis and/or Field Theory
Narrative Theory
Narrative Theory
Paul Ricoeur
Emplotment is integral to narrative. Narrative should consider a plot, with goals, causes, and
chance being brought together within the temporal unity of a whole and complete action.
However the plot may avoid a chronological listing of events and transforms isolated vents
into a schematic whole by highlighting and recognizing the contribution that each event
makes to the development and outcome of the story.
Human experiences are held in the mind as pre-concepts (narratives in the making which Ricoeur calls mimesis 1, or pre-configuration.
The articulation of an experience or the narration of an experience (its emplotment)
is called mimesis 2, or configuration. Sometimes experiences are re-authored to make sense of the situation, which Ricoeur
calls mimesis 3.
Images and Connections
Concepts
Ideas
Opportunity
Vision Platform - Perception
Time & Space Potential
Concept Generator – Making Connections
Sources of Opportunity Learning:
Conceptual World
Identifying concepts
Evaluation after experience
Complete re-evaluation (seek further information)
Real World
Experimentation & Testing
Structure common to all opportunities Vision – Outcomes
Time & Space Resources Networks
Skills, Competencies & Capabilities Competitive Environment Strategy – scope & depth
“A Narrative”
Evaluated and Elaborated Upon
Mimesis 1
Mimesis 2
Mimesis 3
Articulated Narratives: Those that we are part, work, school, club, religion, nation, etc.
Embedded Narratives: Specific narratives within a person’s consciousness from preconfigured experiences,
etc.
Dominant Logic (Prahalad)
The way people deal with events and situations in life. Dominant logic consists of a mental
map which orientates a person. It can either inhibit or enhance learning, growth and
fulfillment.
I would like to reframe this as the dominant narrative
Dominant Logic
• Our behaviour, focus and the way people act • A set of ideas about ourselves and the world • Personal rules and experiences • A reflection of our success, failure, and
indifference• Something that is invisible, internal • An organisation's genetic code • An organisation's operating system
Innovate Avoid mistakes
Think long termLive for today
Spend for the futureSave money
Paradoxes
Work by oneself Work as a group
Follow rules and normsBe flexible
Collaborate Compete
Make your own decisions Make joint decisions
Conflict Harmony
Metaphor
Typologies
Listening Exercise• The simple act of listening shows how we sometimes wander through life with a low
level of awareness. How many times when someone is speaking to you, are you preoccupied with other things? How often do we daydream when others are speaking? How often do you believe that what you think is right and what the other has to say is not worth listening to? How often are you just waiting for an opportunity to espouse what you think? How often are you just thinking of rebuttals, arguments against what a person is saying rather than actually listening to the content of what they are actually saying? How often are you making judgments about the person speaking or what they are saying? How often are you looking for an opportunity to disagree, agree, or run away? How often are you evaluating and comparing what a person is saying against what you believe? How often do you fail to seek clarification about something you don’t understand? Do you try and control the interaction by trying to dominate the conversation? Our listening habits usually show that our level of personal awareness is low and we are influenced by so much of our own emotion just in the act of listening to someone. This is at the cost of seeing new perspectives and exercising our ability to empathize with others. One member of the group should tell the rest of the group about what they did over the weekend un-interrupted. The rest of the group should take notes about
what they were thinking about while they were listening to the story.
• The ability to listen effectively is a powerful tool in developing awareness, empathy, humility, and consequently understand new perspectives. Listening is much more than hearing, it involves being attentive to what others say, observing emotion, behaviour and body language, facial expressions, and fighting off our own internal distractions that lessen of ability to listen. Listening requires much more discipline, attention, and concentration than we expect. Think about it, how much self discipline do we need to really effectively listen to someone? Once we have achieved the discipline, attention, and concentration really needed to listen, we realize how powerful a tool listening is in understanding what a person has to say, and from where emotionally a person is saying it. Listening skills can be developed and refined through active and reflective listening techniques, where the listener repeats, paraphrases and reflects upon what the speaker is saying as a means of clarifying the message that the speaker is intending to convey to us [92].
Select the correct tools for a mission
Edgar Schein’s Approach to Organizational Culture
Culture is a story
Leadership
Theories in action verses Espoused
Norms and group behaviour Organisational
learning (single or double looped
Productivity & effectiveness
Stories, myths, heroes, artifacts, informal behaviours
Assumptions
Look for the values
The Emotional Vista
True Self (Universal awareness)
Spiritual Awareness
Ego Awareness
Social Awareness
Material Awareness
Physical Awareness
Spiritual Self
Ego Self
Social Self
Material Self
Primal Self
Physical Sensations
Perception
Society
We have multiple narratives in ourselves
All narrative comes from our emotional orientation
Present Orientation
Future Orientation
Past Orientation
Memory Imagination
Belief System
Patterning
Optimal learning
Sense of high self efficacy
Sense of low self efficacy
Bad memories Good memories
Negative emotions Positive emotions
Action adverse Reckless overconfidence Heuristics Imagination
Optimal drive
Value sets
Primal Emotions
Pleasant Unpleasant
Unconscious
Conscious
Core Emotions
Affected Emotions
Object/Event
Perception/ Recognition
Varied Mix of
Emotions
Perceived Reality
Leftover from Evolution
Fear, Anger Sadness, Loss, Hate, Joy, Pain, Pleasure, Curiosity, Sexual Desire, etc.
Deep Subconscious: Self-esteem, self-efficacy, Feeling of hopelessness, Low Frustration tolerance,
Awfulness, etc.
Loyalty, Sympathy, Pride, Humility,
Confident, Achievement, Embarrassment,
Indignation, Bewilderment, Pity, Elation, Satisfaction,
Boredom, Shame, Disgust, Frustration,
Surprise, etc.
Complex Emotions
Primal Emotions Deep Inner Self
Core Emotions Anxious, Happiness, Guilt, Greed, Envy, Depression, Hope,
Interest, etc.
Socially Related Emotions
(Socially Constructed)
The Hierarchy of Emotions
Our personality is a mix of emotions just like Milton the Monster
What Emotions are they feeling?
Nervous Energetic Determined
Courage
Passionate
Excited
intimidated
Anxious
Overwhelmed Competitive Challenging
Green are positive, Red are negative and yellow emotions can go either way
Courage
Passionate
intimidated
Determined
Energetic
Overwhelmed
Anxious
Challenging
The different sets of emotions will heavily
influence performance.
Awkward
Passionate
Tense
Confident
Shy
Scared
Excited
Confused
“Big-headed”
Overwhelmed
Different weight and balance of emotions may produce different behaviour & performance
The cocktail of emotionsWe in fact usually feel a number of
different emotionsAll mixed together
With different Strengths and Influences on
behaviour
Individual
Sea of Emotion Overwhelmed
in emotion
In control of emotionThe anxiety line
Level of Awareness
Exercise
Relax, breath in and out, remove all your thoughts,
relax your muscles
Where am “I”?
Is this what you found?
Our true self is like a computer without any operating system or software
Here is our personal operating system
Empathy ExerciseSome people don’t realize we are doing destructive things that hurt others
[67]. Sometimes this hurt can lead to grave and serious illness. If we switch our self from the usual “I am” to a different viewpoint, i.e., the feeling of being superior, equal, or inferior to another, from one of these viewpoints we can generate new sets of emotions. For example, if we take a superior view point to others we may generate intensive highhandedness. If we view others as equals we may generate feelings of jealousy and competitiveness, and if we view others from an inferior position, we may generate feelings of jealousy and envy. This helps us see the perspectives of our false sense of ourselves and the source of our behaviours. If we can substitute humility for our emotions (humility does not mean subservience or inferiority), we can see our relationships without the emotional intensities that existed before. We can see our inter-connectiveness, how our actions hurt people, and how we stray from our innate morality.
In a group one person share a story where emotions have dominated their judgments and with the group come up with alternative sets of thoughts that may
lead to new sets of emotions.
Traps & Filters
Interpersonal Communication
A brief look at Transactional Analysis
Murray Hunter (with the narratives
supplied by my organization behaviour students at
University Malaysia Perlis
Parent
Adult
Child
Parent Ego State Behaviours, thoughts
and feelings copied from parents and parent figures.
Adult Ego State Behaviours, thoughts
and feelings are direct responses to here and now.
Child Ego State Behaviours, thoughts
and feelings are replayed from childhood.
Parent Parent
Adult Adult
Child Child
Transactional Analysis relationship Dynamics
You Me
Parent
Adult
Child
Controlling Parent Nurturing Parent
Controlling Adult Nurturing Adult
Creative ChildImmature Child
Okay my dear son, let mummy tell you the story.
(Nurturing mother)
Mummy, what is this? Can you tell me the story about this.
(creative child)
Hey , who is that guy you were with!!!?
(controlling mother )
Stop, I don’t want to go to school today
(immature child )
I don’t have money anymore!!!!!!!!
(controlling adult)
Congratulations on your graduation.
Good luck.(nurturing adult)
Honey, Can you cook for me today.perhaps, some tom yum honey.
(nurturing adult)
Altenative: I love U Sayang (darling) (Creative child)
A person may play more than one role at the same time
@#$&%%$!!!!!!! Ya(immature child )
This type of stance brings
Rigidity inthought
Lalalalallalaalala(Creative child)
These are theConditions oneShould develop
to maximize creativity
Group Exercise
Watch the following conversation between two students (or film clip) and determine
the transactional dynamics of the conversation (i.e., parent-parent, Adult-
Adult, Child-Child, Parent-Adult, or Parent-child).
Pierre Bourdieu’s Field Theory
The field is a sphere or plain of social life where each person or agent is operating within it according to a practical logic with the objective of achieving some end. The field can be a society, a village, a market, an industry, an organization or any other social structure.
A person’s power to influence or dominate the field depends upon the amount and type of capital they possess in relation to other agents. To Bourdieu the concept of capital was much wider than financial resources. Four types of capital exist;
Economic capital – access to money, buildings, plant and equipment, etc,Cultural capital – knowledge which equips the social agent with empathy toward for, or appreciation for, or competence working within the cultural rules and norms within the field,Social capital – consisting of resources obtainable through connections and group networks, andSymbolic capital – which include socially derived symbols like university degrees, or acceptance by social institutions within the field (Drummond 1998, P. 104).
The field as a social sphere has its own set of practical logic, producing a habitus embodied with the logic making it uniquely suited to operate within it. Due to social background and social grounding through families and education, a habitus will be more predisposed to operate in certain fields rather than others or the field will draw the person with the appropriate habitus to play the game in that field. This is an explanation of why it is difficult for people to move into businesses outside fields their habitus is not conditioned to. The modus operandi of the field is foreign and the agent does not have the necessary practical logic within their habitus, or the necessary capital to gain any influence within the field.
Given the relationship between the habitus and the field, it can be seen that the social structure (field) produces the mental structure (habitus), that produce social structure (field), that produce mental structure (habitus), that produce social structure (field). Everybody is unaware of this process as they are within it. Therefore the individual’s rationality is a social bounded phenomenon where our practical logic, disposition towards to perceptions, appreciation, view of the world, and action content is created through experience within a social structure.
The habitus can generate new principals of strategy and practice that flow from experiences that produce it, taking into account of specific social content within the field the individual is playing in (Boudieu 1991, P.14).
When the habitus is in line with the field and vice versa, a coherent logic of practice develops. This logic is called doxa. Doxa is the basic belief and value system of the habitus where it accepts its social position and place in the world. Doxa operates at the pre-conscious level.
Alan Fiske
The Four Elementary Types of Relationships
The explicit & Implicit
Body Language
On being emergent or reflective?
Emergent In a stance of anticipation A narrative of action and forming meaning
ReflectiveIn a stance of learning
A narrative of significance of the meaning involved
Compresses time
Emergent there maybe emphasis on anxiety and
the significance of making an important commitment.
In a reflective mode there maybe an emphasis on the joy of the occasion.
Different modes will produce different sets of
meanings.
In reflective narrative many people try to justify
their past decisions. In emergent analysis more of
the uncertainty of the situations are apparent.
The reflective version may be about the joy of
the occassion
The emergent version may be full of anxiety and uncertainty about
commitment
A Person’s View if the world
Through Narrative we can see:
Through their stories
The types of relationships
IntentionsMotivations
Construction of ethics
Self View
What they see & how they see
things
Values
Beliefs
Assumptions
Biases
Thinking Processes
Self efficacy & esteem
How decisions are
madeLevel of
awareness
Emotions
Influences
Past or future
orientation
Sequences
What they espouse/what they do
What they respect
Where can we use Narrative?
• In the classroom – aid to learning/understanding• Research – developing descriptive theory• Marketing – Branding & advertising• Entrepreneurship research (The Republic of Tea)• Organizational Analysis• Political analysis• Social analysis• Self & Identity • Cognition & Creativity Research
Field Research
Documentation as a prime source (Historical or Contemporary)
Analyzing the Narrative
Live
NARRATIVE
EMOTION
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
ARTIFACT
VALUE
ASSUMPTION
The Model of Organizational Culture by Edgar Schein
The Transactional Theory by Eric Berne
Self Awareness Mode Murray Hunter
The Theory of Action by Ricouer
A Narrative Meta-Theory
Map Out the Big Picture of the Research Phenomena
Making Sense of Narrative is Very Similar to Undertaking English Comprehension Exercises (with extra “meaning tools”)
Emotional orientation
Paranoid
Obsessive-Compulsive
Attention-Seeking
(Dramatic)
Depressive
Schizoid
Narcissistic
Balanced Organization
Leaderless & apathetic Excessive caution & conservatism
Rigidity Lack of vision & strategy Weak competitiveness
Suspicious No distribution of information
Centralized decision making Lack of definite strategy
Rigid Narrow Vision
Excessive risk taking
Inconsistent Political decisions Poor leadership Climate of suspicion
Inconsistent strategy
Centralized decisions Unplanned expansion
Centralized decisions
Unplanned strategy
Shallowness
Recklessness
Traditional
Potential Behaviour
Transactional Analysis(A framework to communicate)
Person “A” “I” & “Me” View of the world
Person “B” “I” & “Me” View of the world
Similarity or conflict
Emotions
Dominant Narrative
Values
Beliefs
Assumptions
Words, phrases, metaphors, analogies
The Dialogue
Film & Drama
Analysis of a Khmer Tale
This story is extracted from Collection of Folk Story, vol. 4, published by Buddhist Institute, Phnom Penh, 1966,p.1-10, and is translated to English by David Chandler, Facing the Cambodian Past,1996, First ed. Silkworm Books Chang Mai,p.79-81
Yama The basic ambiguity,
complexity, & uncertainty of the environment
Buddha The organization
development tools required to leave the influence of the
realms
Ignorance Organization
start-up
Consciousness The firming of values, beliefs
and perception
Karma Setting
organization trajectory
Name & Form
Paths & rigidities
Senses The ability to
adapt Contact
Awareness of potential
opportunities
Perception Evaluation &
action
Attachment To the past or
the future
Craving
Self interest
Rebirth learning is
paramount to change
Existence necessary
capabilities to change
Death Require
innovation & adaptation
The “cognitive processes” of an
organization
Realms or “states of mind” of an organization
The realm of the Deva Success in the past, arrogant, in
denial, blind to the environment, irrelevant to the market, Usually
large companies in stable environments The realm of the Azura
Ambitious, aggressive, outwardly pious, win-lose
strategies, suspicious, vigilant, suits organizations in
dynamic environments.
The realm of the Manusya Paradoxical, hope yet doubt, high aspirations, willing to experiment but get lost in process, able to learn, can be non-conformist, suitable for organizations engaged in highly technical tasks.
The realm of Naraka Sense of low self-efficacy and
failure, depression, hopelessness, little control over environment, not
much interest in anything, no market orientation, usually firms in declining
industries.
The realm of the Triyangyoni Short-term orientation, rent
seeking, no innovation, no investment, impulsive
decision making, nepotistic, usually production
orientated organizations.
The realm of the Preta High growth high profit
orientation, trend setters, compulsive, can lose focus on long term strategies, usually
conglomerates. Physical,
emotion & intellectual
energy
The basic paradoxes an organization faces
Little by little, the girls take to eating their food raw. Upset by this, they try to go back to her mother, but she thinks they are lying to her. She chases them back to the forest.
At the pond when they return, the smouldering wood has gone out but some of the corn has begun to grow. The girls eat it raw, along with shellfish, as the guardian spirit has directed them to do. For three months, the spirit keeps wild animals away from the children and the pond, and after six months, the girls had grown downy feathers all over their bodies, and their arms had turned into wings. They could fly onto branches now, and their new claws could grip the branches or pluck fruit…Their lips narrowed into beaks, and they lost their ability to talk. In their hearts, all the same, they knew they were people, not animals, even if when they tried to talk, they had animals’ voices.
Meanwhile their mother’s second husband had been sent to prison. The mother repents and comes to redeem her daughters. Even though they are birds, she can still recognize them, and she follows them deeper and deeper into the forest, while they call out to her, “We are released from our humanity; we have turned into animals, and we are far more beautiful. Don’t come near us!” the mother hears only the phrase koun lok (“child of the world,” translated as “humanity”). She runs on after them, runs out of breath and dies.
This story metaphorically reveals the mysteries of life, our real selves and social interaction. Key words, which could be used to convey these meanings include: mind/body, interaction, clinging/repelling, order/disorder, pleasant/unpleasant, and some-thing more, associated with terms like process, change, contiguity, and adaptive ability, etc. This story shows us the possibility of conflict within each individual, conflict between individual and individual, and also social conflicts, as well as the engine that produces reality for each individual and society, and the way this engine works. Through this story, we can see how the dynamics of interaction plays a critical role in shaping our reality.
While Charles Darwin tried to explain how animals evolved to be humans, this story explains how humans can evolve to be animals. 1. In row 1 the girls are touched by the bonding relationship between themselves and their parents. They experience a bonding relationship when both mother and father are favoured parents, providing them with love, care, and support that they are attached to. This bonding provides meaning to the girls’ lives, which determine realities for them. 2. In row 2 the girls are touched by the defective bonding relation between the girls to their parents. The absence of the father from the family leaves mother as a widow to struggle with work so that she can feed the family. There is a break in the bonding relationship between the girls and their mother. The relationship between the mother and her second husband mark a serious threat to the bonding relationship between the mother and her children. Finally the mother decides to abandon the girls since the girls are considered as obstacles to the bonding relationship between mother and the second husband. Here is the point that human creature’s characteristics is thus: when one clings to one thing, one repels another thing that is an obstacle to his or her clinging.
3. In row 3 the abandoned girls suffer from a defective bonding relationship. To them life in the forest, in which their bonding relationship to mother, to their selves, that used to be the shelter for life, are severed, is like breaking their souls and bodies into pieces. The more fear of the forest they have the more they recall their experience at home with parents that used to be their womb of security. The more they try to repel their situation in the forest the more they try to restore the bonding relationship, their shelter. As the result of that attempt the more they suffer from the conflicts caused by these opposing forces that break their personalities into pieces. Finally to survive the girls are determined to adapt to the situation in the forest. They eat raw food. While their interactions with human culture are severed, little by little the girls begin to meld themselves to the forest through their interactions with the forest creatures in a way that little by little their cultural links to humanness are eroded.
4. In row 4 the fragmentary souls of the girls touched with humanness, are reconfigured through interactions with the forest. The girls adopt human personalities modified by their wild life. The girls lose their ability with language, the very medium for human production and culture transmission. Little by little the girls’s behaviour and personalities change to half-human-half-animal beings, which are waiting to become completely animal like. When they become completely animal they repel the state of being human. However, during the time of evolution the girls suffer from the conflicts between opposing forces that determine their realities and way of life, such as their struggles against the distinction between humanness and animality that are modifying their personalities and behaviours. 5. In columns 1, and 2, it is clear that the personalities of the girls and the mother change according to the context in which they interact. Meanings assigned to every one depend on the way individuals interact. The reality for the girls changes from happy children to unhappy children, from unhappy girls to animals. These are determined by social interaction, likewise personality and behaviour of the mother. Without her relationship to her second husband the mother would have assigned a good meaning to her daughters. With her relationship to her second husband, her daughters become obstacles for her. When repelled by the second husband, she realised that her daughters are important to her.
Extracted from: Hel Rithy (2004) Dependent Origination: Towards a Theory of Meaning
Publishing
Conclusion
Any reality is only seen in the mind and therefore really part
of our imagination
Most people have (sources of) multiple identities where some are easier than others to discover and appreciate.
Follow the relationships
TypesConflicts
Shared meanings
Who controls the narrative?
It is impossible for us to see things untouched by our own view, since the observer and the observed are within
the same entity- Margaret Mead
It is the theory that determines what we can observe
- Albert Einstein
The Tools of Trade
Creative sensitivityComprehension
Skills
Empathy Template and Trap Theories
Syntax
Metaphor
No Sensitivity High Sensitivity
Ability to see the environment in different ways
Creative Sensitivity
Openness to novelty – the ability to reason with relatively novel forms of stimuli,Alertness to distinction – the ability to distinguish minute differences in the details of an object, action, or environment,Sensitivity to different contexts- tasks and abilities will differ according to the situational context,Awareness of multiple perspectives – the ability to think dialectically, andOrientation in the present- paying attention to here and now.
A natural talent that can be learned
Your research career should not
be about…..
Is Blue Ocean Strategy a new
Marketing theory or a narrative?
Is just a beginning