Upload
uc-berkeley-extension
View
554
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Class presentation slides for the History of Science (second quarter) for Spring Semester 2009
Citation preview
The Golden Age of Greece
Marathon 490 BC
Peloponnesian War
Rise of Macedon
The Sophists
Socrates and Reason
Plato(429 - 347 BC)
“Let none but geometersenter here”
The Republic
Real vs. Idealchanging/constantsenses/soul -> Truth
Platonic bodies
Plato’s Challenge
Explain the motionof the planetarybodies
Heraclides - heliocentrismEarth rotates on
axis
Eudoxus
Concentric spheres
Alexander the Great(356 - 323 BC)
Aristotle(384 - 322 BC)
Son of Nicomachus
Student of Plato
“Eudaimonia”
Aristotle
Homunculus“Man the seed,woman the incubator”
Preformationismvs. epigenesis
Embryology
Aristotle as Biologist
Categorized 500+ animals Blooded Non-blooded
Live young egg bearing insects sea animals
Also DUALIZERS (whales, bats, sponges)
Dissection
Dog shark
Aristotelian Motion
Celestial vs. Terrestrial
Matter has: Material CauseShapeEfficient CauseFirst Cause
Matter
Material Cause(wood)
Shape (carpentry)
Efficient Cause (builder)
First Cause (slumber)
Elements & Opposites
How things present to the senses
Interchangeable
Ether
Natural Motion
Things move accordingto their nature
Intrinsically at rest
Need a MOVER
Heavy things fall faster
Aristotelian Universe
Central spherical Earth
Circle = perfect shape
Stars = finite boundary
Crystal Spheres
55spheres
buffers
Meterologica
Earthquakes
Tornadoes
Lightning
Milky Way
Legacy
Tradition of writing
Lyceum
Library
Greek Technology
Anacharses
Glaucus
Theodorus
Archimedes(287 - 212 BC)
Golden Crown
Heat Ray?
Lever
Water screw
Archimedes
Archimedes’ principledisplacement volume
Archimedes
“Give me a place to stand and I will move the Earth”
Water Screw
Buoyant force
Burning Mirror
Siege ofSyracuse
Archimedean solids
Aristarchus(310 - 230 BC)
Sun centered solar systemwith a rotating, tilted Earth
Distance to the Sun
Size & Distance of the moon
Aristarchus: Moon = 1/3 EarthDistance = 40 x Earth’s Diameter
Eratosthenes(276 - 195 BC)
Map of the world
Calculated the tilt of the Earth (11/83 of 180°)
Circumference of the Earth
7.1° 800 km360° = x
X = 40, 560 km = 25, 000 mi
Euclid(325 - 270 BC)
Geometry
Squaring the circle
Golden Ratio
Phidias
Parthenon
Hipparchus(190 - 120 BC)
Star catalogMovement of equinoxes
Precession
Length of the Seasons
Ptolemy
Almagest (The Greatest Compilation)
Ptolemaic Model
Deferents Andepicycles
Rise of Rome
Greek colony
~ 31 BC
Roman engineering
Aqueducts
Roads
Roman medicine
Celsus (25 BC - 50 AD)(Aulus Cornelius Celsus)
Physician or editor
Introduced terms:calor, dolor, rubor, tumor
Galen(129 - 200 AD)
Aristotelian & Hippocratic
Experimentalist (anatomy demos)
Equilibrium via bloodletting & therapy
Roman surgery
Bone hooks
Bloodletting cups
scalpels
Decline of Rome
Overextension
Crime/corruption
“barbarians”
East/West split
Rise of Islam
Muhammed(570 - 632)
Qu’ran
Unified Arab tribes
The Age of Islam
Scientific Tradition in Islam
Decline of Rome/ByzantiumRise of Christianity
Military Success
Translation programs
Arabic schools
Caliph patronage
Many disciplines
Writing/publishing
“Seek learning”
Arithmetic
Arabic (Indian)numerals
Unlimited with place values
Roman Numerals
MCMLXXXVIII = 1988
Al-Kharizmi(~680 - 750)
Algorithm
Book of Calculationsalgebra = jabr“transformation”
Quadratic solutionsax2 + bx + c = 0
Omar Khayyam
Rubai’yat
Omar Khayyam(1048 - 1122)
Cubic equations x3 + a = bx
Binomial expansion
(1 + x)n =>
The Noblest Science
Tradition of observation
Establishing time of daymuwaqqit
When is the new moon?
Navigation, Mecca
Navigation
Direction of Mecca
Astrolabe
Astrolabe
Prayer Times
SunsetLate eveningDawnMiddayLate afternoon
‘Ilm al-miqat
Islamic Calendar Starts Sept 622 AD
Lunar
Alternating 30/29d
Leap years:2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16,18, 21, 24, 26, 29in 32 years
Al-Tusi(1201- 1274)
Tusi couple
Earth’s Rotation
Comets
Alchemy
Al Razi (Rhazes) (850 - 925)
Experimentation
New classification ofElements
Elements
Stones Vitriols Borax Salts
Al-qili = Alkali
“Secret of Secrets”
Al iksir
Elixir
Philosopher’sstone
Jabir(721 - 815)
“Geber”
Spirits, Metals,Powders & Stones
Al Biruni(973 - 1048)
“Book of Drugs”
Translated Indianworks
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)(981- 1037)
The Canon
Psychologist?
Disease distribution
TB, Smallpox
Persian Galen
Pharmacy
760 drugs
Pharmacopia
Islamic hospitals
The Central Kingdom
Dynasties of China
Shang 1600 - 1066 BC
Han 206 BC - 220 AD
Tang 618 - 907 AD
Sung 960 - 1279
Ming 1368 - 1636
Qing 1636 - 1911
Geographical Advantages
Head Start
Isolation
Climate
East-west rivers
Medicine
Blood circulation
Ch’I
Heart as Pump
Circadian rhythm
Diagnosis and Treatment
Deficiency diseasesscurvy, beriberi
Diabetes
Goiter
Variolation
Szechwan province
“Chung mao”
Tradition of Herbal Medicine
Chao Yung-Fung“Golden remedies”
Mu Piao
Chinese Astronomy
Eclipse prediction
Sunspots?
1054 Supernova
“Guest star”
Cartography
Surveying
Sailing charts
compass
Circumnavigation?
Zheng He(1371 - 1433)
Muslim
Admiral of Chinese Navy
Zheng He expeditions
World Map?
Evidence?
Pate folklore
Did Zheng He Discover America?
What happened to the Navy?
Little competition
Less incentive
Political power struggle
Canal buildinginfrastructure
Technology in China
Paper/printing
Silk
Guns/gunpowder
porcelain
Paper
Mulberry bark -> pulp
~100 AD
Wrapping paper
Printing
Wood blocksthen metal/ceramic
Pi Shengmoveable type
Printed Books
First book 868 ADDiamond Sutra
Gutenberg 1453 AD
Paper Money
1380 AD
“Precious Note of Great Ming”
Playing Cards
~1000 AD
“stimulate thinking,convenient,without meditation”
Gambling
Silk
Bombyx Mori
Boil cocoon
Single Thread 300 - 900 m long
Uses of Silk
Chinese Weapons
“Gung pao”
1044: Wu Ching Tsung Yao
Saltpeter/C/sulfur
Shock & Awe
Added metalsfor color, soundeffects
Firearrows & Cannons
Firearrowsdipped in flammableswith poison on tips
Cannon 1368 Smoke screen
Ceramics
Still known as “china”
Kaolin (white clay)
+
Petuntse (white brick)
Seladon
Sung dynasty960 - 1279
Stoneware withcolored glazes
Porcelain (tz’u)
Whitenesssmoothnessnonporoushardnesstranslucent
Legacies
Silk Road
Spice Trade
Perfume/incense
The Science of India
Central Location Tradition of
outsideinfluence of and tolerance for different schools of thought
Shintoism, Buddhism, Jainism
Caste system
Indian Astronomy
Surya Siddhanta~ 600 AD
Imported Greek texts
Brahmagupta(598 - 668)
Sun = star
Spherical movingEarth
Gravity? “Bodies fall towards the earth as it is in the nature of the earth to attract bodies, just as it is in the nature of water to flow”
Timekeeping
Hindu:Lunar day (tithi)
12 months of 30 tithi
360 day year
27 wives of Moon
Nakshatras27 n x 4 phases = 108
Moment = 1/30 day30 m x 360 d = 10,800
Great Year
360 d x 12,000 divine years = 4,320,000
COSMIC CYCLE
Precession
Indian Medicine
Ayurveda“Science and Wisdomof life”
Dynamic Balance
Indian Mathematics
“Arabic” numerals
Sunya
Technology
Textiles/weaving
Weapons
Shipbuilding
Southeast Asian climate
Monsoon civilizations
Khmer empire
800 - 1431
Highly centralized
Angkor
Angkor Wat
Suryavarman II (1130)
Hindularge stonemonument
Rediscovered 1866
Mount Meru
Angkor Wat
Cardinal directions
Angkor Wat
“Day of the Gods”
Why was it Abandoned?
1430 - 1445
Rise of Thai andVietnamese societies