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Creation of Europe
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55
The Creation of Europe: Political and Social Foundations
OVERVIEWInvasions by Germanic and Slavic barbarians and nomads from Asia
Invasions of Muslims in North Africa and southern Europe
Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages
The Germanic Kingdoms of the West
The Germanic Barbarians Political and military institutions
Assembly – council and court of justiceComitatus, military war band
Tribal confederacies take over the Western Roman Empire in the fifth centuryTook up Roman ways and often intermarriedNew European eliteEnhancement of the powers of the chieftainsReligionDisappearance of the frontier
The Kingdom of FranksAnglo-Saxons
Christianity
England and Ireland England
Angles and Saxons from northwestern Germany Christian in the seventh century
IrelandCelticsNever conquered by RomeSaint Patrick in fifth centuryMonasteries
Clovis and the FranksLoose confederacy along the lower Rhine RiverClovis Campaigns east in 486 Government Shared the conquered land with principal warriors Conversion to orthodox Christianity Collapse of Clovis’ kingdom upon his death
The Kings, the Nobles, and the Church The kingdom of Clovis divided among his four sons Kings not only landlords but rulers and protectors of the peasants
as well as warriors Give positions and royal lands to keep loyalty of nobility Nobility controls these lands Kings grow weaker
Mayors of the Palace Main elements of the feudal state
Western Christendom, Byzantium, and Islam about 750
Byzantium and Its Neighbors Danube to the Euphrates Rivers
Centralized control
Economic strengths provided support for administration and defense
Sixth and seventh century attempts to regain the western Roman Empire
Empire of Islam
Byzantium and Its Invaders, 565- c. 750
The Survival of ByzantiumReconquest and New Invasions Justinian
Came to the throne in 527Corpus Juris CivilisControl of the Greek ChurchReconquer the territories in the WestSpread too thinHuns, Visigoths, and AvarsLombards
The SlavsIndo-European, living east of the GermansSixth and seventh centuries under the leadership of Avars, the Slavs crossed the Danube River and brokethe defenses of ByzantiumOther Slavs move north and westBy 800, the Slavs occupied almost all of eastern and central EuropeSlav Chieftains had no desire to destroy civilized statesSlavs move south in rebellion against Avars and become influenced by Byzantium
Persian and Muslim InvasionsPersian invasion in late sixth century, conquering Syria and EgyptPersians driven out in 630 -- both sides exhausted Persian and Byzantine Empires easy prey to the
Muslim expansion By 750 all that was left of the Byzantine Empire was
Asia MinorByzantine rulers see themselves as Roman emperors and rulers of the ChurchDefense of Constantinople Falls in 1453
Byzantine Culture and Architecture
Corpus Juris Civilis
Influence of Greek culture through the Hellenistic period
Education
Decorative arts and architecture Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)
The Book and Sword of IslamThe Arabs and MuhammadMuhammad (the Prophet) born about 570 in Mecca No formal education Merchant
Direct revelations from Allah (God) The Archangel Gabriel told Muhammad to take the revelations to the
peopleMecca is where the Kaaba is located which housed idols and the Black StoneFled from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in 622 Hegira is the flight of Muhammad from Mecca
Islam means submissionMuslim is one who had submittedJihad (“striving”)Preservation of the Black Stone when Mecca conqueredMuhammad dies in 632
The Saracen Empire Muhammad left no son as a successor Muhammad’s disciples chose a caliph (successor)
Wars of Abu Bakr and Omar Caliphate is an empire Conquered Persia, Egypt and Syria By 720 Spain was taken from the Christianized Visigoths
Raiding across the Pyrenees into France, stopped at Tours in 732 Arab merchants take over from warriors
Why were the Arab conquests so successful? Share in rich booty if victorious Warrior goes straight to paradise if he falls in battle Effects of bubonic plagues Weakness of Byzantium and Persia Saracen raiders welcomed by Egyptians and Syrians due to heavy
Byzantine taxation and persecution of Christian heretics Tolerance
Islam and ChristianityTeachings of Islam Muhammad never claimed divinity Muhammad was the last and greatest of Allah’s
prophets Set revelations in the context of Judaism and
Christianity Identified Allah with Yahweh (Jehovah) and
Accepted the line of Jewish prophets from Abraham to Jesus Not a new religion but fulfillment of the old
Islamic Social and Ethical IdeasKoran
Does not demand self-denial beyond powers of most people
Moderate polygamy – four wives No limit on concubines
Absence of a formal priesthood Religious scholars – mullahs and ayatollahs
No saints to mediate
No mysterious rites only a priest can perform
Obligations of the FaithfulFive Pillars of Faith “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” Daily prayer – four times a day Giving to the poor, alms Fasting Pilgrimage to Mecca In early Islam a sixth duty was to participate in a jihad
The Five Pillars are only the minimum requirementsDo the will of Allah as revealed in the KoranGod has predestined the ultimate fate of humanityPool of fire and Paradise
Religious and Political DivisionSunnites Ummayad Dynasty Accept certain traditions (Sunna) outside the Koran
Shiites Abide strictly to the Koran Only descendents of the Prophet could become caliph Abbasid Dynasty
Saracen empire breaking up after the eighth centuryThe Muslim Legacy to the West Reached height in 9th and 10th centuries Replaced Greece as the internationally dominant culture in
northeastern Africa and the Middle East
Islam and EuropeLong distance commerce
Exotic goods, knowledge of geography and navigation
Arabic numerals
Medicine
Preservation of philosophical and scientific writings of the ancient Greeks Centers of learning in Cairo, Toledo, and Palermo When Muslim power declined, the rich depositories
seized by European scholars
Islamic Culture
Architecture Blend of Persian and Mediterranean style Geometric and floral designs
Literature Arabian Nights Omar Khyyam, Rubaiyat
The CarolingiansRebuild the Frankish Kingdom
Spread Christianity and Roman civilization
The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty Charles Martel, 714
Mayor of the palace Tours, 732 Heavy cavalry Light cavalry Expense Church property seized and distributed as military grants
“Feudal compact” – warriors bound themselves to supply an armed cavalry when called upon
The Alliance of the Franks and the Papacy
Pepin, son of Charles Martel Deposes the monarch with the aid of the Pope, 751
Monarchy has special holiness and authority fromGod Popes stress that divine authority to rule is conferred by
the ChurchPope Stephen II appeals for protection from the Lombards Lombards defeated, 756 Donation of Pepin, 756
Papal States Donation of Constantine
CharlemagneSon of Pepin and grandson of Charles Martel46 year reignConquests: Italy, Germany, Spain Pushed the boundaries of Christianity Lombards in Italy Saxons Avars North March East March Spanish March
Song of Roland
Charlemagne’s Empire
Government: The Church and the State
Church only institution accepted by all his subjects
Charlemagne used the religious structure as part of the royal administration No uniform legal code Use of counts in a region called the county Larger units headed by a duke Use of royal inspectors Revenue
Art and Literature: The Carolingian Renaissance
Aachen, Germany Chapel
Modeled on San Vitale in Ravenna and Hagia Sophia in Istanbul
Art of Constantinople enters the Frankish heartland
Palace school, 780 Alcuin- leading monk Scribes Course of studies
The Restoration of the “Roman Empire”
Christmas Day, 800Pope Leo IIIDefined the relationship between the restored (Western) empire and the ChurchPope set himself up as a donor and thus secured the superior position Papacy had the right to withdraw what it had given
Charlemagne’s empire incorporates three major elements of medieval civilization Roman idea of universality and order Christian religion Frankish military power
Europe Takes ShapeThe Dissolution of Charlemagne’s Empire Internal Collapse and Renewed Invasions Inner weakness of the Frankish Kingdom
Louis the Pious succeeded his father in 814 Tradition dictated equal shares to sons Warfare led by Louis’ son Lothar Treaty of Verdun, 843
Muslim raiders from North Africa established in Sicily and SardiniaMagyars, or Hungarians, appear on the eastern frontier
Treaty of Verdun, 843
The NorsemenVikings out of Scandinavia attack Europe after 800
Northern Europe attacked England, the Danelaw Normandy Attack Constantinople in 860
Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
Shift of Power to Leading Nobles With the central government far away, people sought
protection
Peasants bound themselves and their descendant
to labor on the lands of local warriors as serfs Lesser warriors served the greater ones as their
vassals Great warriors secured possession of land Grants from Carolingian rivals
Rise of Western EuropeGovernment did not disintegrate but developed into new formsPrimogenitureReform of the ChurchRevival of Royal Power: France, England, the Holy Roman Empire Hugh Capet, count of Paris, replaced the last Carolingian monarch in 987 New forms of government developed to defend countries against barbarians King Alfred in England Otto I in Germany
Holy Roman Empire of the German nation
Barbarian Conquerors and the Spread of Civilization The Vikings, in Danelaw and Normandy, agreed to become Christian in return for
recognition of their conquests by English and French Kings Christianity and Roman Civilization spread back to Norse homelands by 1000 Duke William of Normandy conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066 Sicily
Absorption of the eastern European barbarians into European civilization
Europe About 1000
The Rise of Byzantine Eastern Europe
Pushed into the areas of the SlavsConversion of the Slavs Wars and migration brought Slavs into contact with Byzantines Sought to bring Christianity of the Greek Church as a means of
control
The Balkans Serbs
Russia Relations with Byzantium Prince Vladimir of Kiev, 988, baptized into the Greek Church
End of Barbarian Way of Life Turmoil comes to an end about 1000 and Europe civilized Unity from Christianity and Greek and Roman inheritance
FeudalismDescribes governmental institutions as well as social and political relationships Begins in northern France during the tenth century As warriors, personal ties of mutual trust and loyalty Rights over lands and peasants Warrior-landholder obligated to protect lesser ones
Feudal Compact Exchange of property for personal service Lord, vassal, fief, feudal duties Fief – piece of land granted by a lord to a vassal
Political responsibilities Nobility
Military service Lord’s court, held once a month
Court procedures rested on custom growing out of Germanic practices Ordeal Payments to the lord Relief, hospitality, and ransom
Homage and KnighthoodHomage was a pledge of personal loyalty
Vow of fealty (faithfulness)
Investiture
Feudal contract lasted until lord or vassal died Primogeniture – eldest son
Knights
Spiritual and religious overtone of the ceremony
Heir
The Feudalization of the ChurchChurch lands held as fiefs by archbishops, bishops and abbots Clerical vassals satisfied military obligations by
assigning portions of their properties as fiefs to warrior-nobles
Feudal StatesHereditary family territories and “royal domain”The feudal monarch was chosen by God Leader in wars of defense or conquest Could build up his power by backing reliable
vassals against unreliable vassals Go directly to vassals for support, bypassing
the Barons Reward trusted followers Increase territory
France: The Strengthening of Monarchy
Power of the king began growing in the twelfth century Duel with English kings
Descendants of Duke William of Normandy rule England independently but also have French territorial possessionsKing Philip Augustus of France In 1204 King John I of England declared an
unfaithful vassal as the Duke of Normandy
King Louis IX
The Holy Roman Empire: The Weakening of Monarchy
Emperor Otto I
Enemies were the Slavs and Hungarians
Control of the Church
Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa Great lords forced to accept status of vassals
• Church reform movement Popes seek independence from emperors Disruption of the emperor’s power
England: The King’s Government and the Common Law
• Introduction of feudalism by Duke William of Normandy Shires and shirereeve (sheriff)
• King Henry II Standardized justice Use of juries
The Crisis of English Feudal Monarchy: Magna Carta
• King John I
• Rebellion of barons
• Magna Carta, 1215 Consent of baron council for raising taxes Not deprive any freeman of life, liberty,
property, or protection of the law
• Barons want to make sure the government works to their benefit
• The king was under the law
Manorialism• The Manorial Estate
Peasants Fief – average estate about 1000 acres
supporting two or three hundred people
• Farming Methods: Wheeled Plows and the Three-Field System Arable land
Plowshare Lord’s demesne
“Strip system” Three field system and use of open fields
The People of the Manor• The Lord and His Family
The word of the lord was law Overseers (stewards or baliffs) Payments in kind or crops, half the total produce of the manor
went to the lord• Peasants and Serfdom
Serfs bound to the manor Cultivation of strips of land Build roads, clear forests, and other work Freemen
A tenant farmer Can be evicted by the lord at any time
• Manorialism and Increasing Wealth Three-field system led to increased production Internal colonization
The Rise of Trade and Towns• Growth of Trade
Rise of population and increased production Marketed goods in towns Cash Free serfs and charge rents to be paid in money
• Long Distance Trade Intercontinental trade – Byzantium and Islam vigorous
commercial societies Wool and textile goods, weapons, horses, timber, fur,
slaves • Industry and Technology
Technological progress – “industrial revolution” Metalworking
Trading Routes and Towns, 1300
• The Location and Appearance of Towns Trading posts Protection of the merchants Structure of the town
Towers and spiresGuilds
Escape for peasants from the manors
• A New Social Element: The Bourgeois Townspeople who were commoners Charters Governing council
Economic Theory and Control: The Guilds
• Authority over trade and industry was delegated to special corporations called guilds
• Merchant guild Craft guild
Master JourneymanApprentices
Personal and social functions
Discussion Questions• What was the role of the Franks in the development of western
Europe? What kind of institutions were created and how did these have an impact on the people and the land?
• Why and how did Byzantium survive when the western Roman Empire collapsed? What advantages did Byzantium have? How will Byzantium affect the civilization process of eastern Europe?
• How and why did an Islamic Empire develop? What were its strengths and weaknesses? How did this empire affect Europe?
• Define feudalism. How and why did it develop? What were its characteristics and what were its consequences on the development of civilization? How does it affect the higher and lower classes?
• How and why did towns develop? What is their significance in the civilizing process?