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1 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Multi-Fidelity Prototyping of User Interfaces
Adrien Coyette, Suzanne Kieffer & Jean Vanderdonckt
Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)School of Management (IAG)
Information Systems Unit (ISYS)Belgian Lab. of Computer-Human Interaction (BCHI)
http://www.isys.ucl.ac.be/bchi
2 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Motivations
User interface determines how easily a user may control underlying functions of a computer program
A program equipped with powerful functionalities and low quality user interfaces may be under-exploited or misused
In an interactive application, the UI is probably the portion which affects the most the general acceptability of the system by end users [Niel93]
[Nielsen 93]
3 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Motivations
As it was the case in software engineering, HCI communities wanted to develop a well-structured method for developing user interfaces
However, the systematization, and the reproducibility found in software engineering methods cannot be transposed equally in HCI: the development life cycle remains inherently:
Open
Ill-defined
Highly iterative
[LimbourgLimbourg, 2004]
4 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Motivations
Designers often consider that informal techniques based on low fidelity mock up is the best alternative for the early design phase
It allows to cope with the fact the such process is eminently open, iterative and incomplete
[SumnerSumner, 1997]
5 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Motivations
Empirical observations: (3 points)
Such approach allows to reduce the time needed between the cycle
Permit to involve the end user in the process since few technical background is required
And rises as many usability problems than using high fidelity mock-ups
[Virzi and AlVirzi and Al, 1996]
6 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Prototyping
Early design
Late design
Low fidelity paper prototypesContent: Mainly Presentation
Use: Exploration, Communication
Medium fidelity prototypesContent: Presentation, content, basic navigation
Use: Simulation, refinement, user testing…
High fidelity prototypes
Content: Presentation, navigation, functionalities, content
Use: Final specifications, marketing, documentation
A paper based prototype
A PowerPoint prototype
The final user interface with few functionalities
7 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Sketches
• Paper prototypes– familiar and unconstrained approach – fast to learn and quick to produce – focus on basic structural issues instead of unimportant details – can be performed collaboratively between designers and end-users – …
• Purpose– Early design phase– Get a sense of the user's needs and goals– brainstorm competing representations– …
8 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Computer Assisted Prototyping
DENIM (James A. Landay, James Lin, Mark W. Newman, Jason I. Hong)
http://dub.washington.edu/denim/
Several levels of granularity
Support for scenario-based design
Good documentation
No shape recognition and interpretation
No code generationNo preview mode
9 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Computer Assisted Prototyping
JavaSketchIt (Joaquim A. Jorge, Manuel João Fonseca, Anabela Caetano, Néri Goulart )
http://immi.inesc-id.pt/project_page.php?project_id=21
Performance (speed and accuracy)Multi-stroke
gesturesRecognizes rotated shapes
Interpretation in Java
Only generates Java
No scenario editor
Limited widget setMono-window
10 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Elicit ing requirementsElicit ing requirements
17 different tools and approachesCommercial products and literatureSystematic analysisApplied to the same case study
11 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Avoidance of Effort loss
Large conceptual coverage
Language neutrality
Ease of use (naturalness)
Flexible processing
Robust scenario editor
…
How to choose the rendering of recognized widget?
Motivations / Related works
13 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Survey – Methodology
Participants (12)
6 males and 6 females
6 users and 6 designers
Average age is 30
Environment
Cintiq 21 UX
No keyboard / mouse
14 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Survey – Methodology
Procedure
1. Training
2. Test 4 realistics UIs (ticket booking, travel
planner, small ad, online cv) 10 possible widgets (button, check box,
combo box, radio button, text area, etc.) 4 fidelity levels (none, low, medium and
high)
3. Questionnaire Computer System Usability
Questionnaire (CSUQ, IBM) Semi-structured interview
15 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Surveys - Results
Usabil i ty criteria Efficiency (time needed to sketch UI) Satisfaction (CSUQ)
Results from quantitative analysis Fidelity has no influence on the development time (ANOVA procedure) User profile had a significant influence on sketching time (ANOVA procedure)
Users performed better than designers!!
Results from qualitative analysis (CSUQ, IBM) SYSUSE (system usefulness) : 4.30 INFOQUAL (information quality) : 4.90 INTERQUAL (interaction quality) : 5.36 OVERALL : 5.00
16 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Surveys – Interpretation
Fideli ty level
No influence on users’ strategy No matter what the fidelity level is to sketch UIs
High fidelity level judged faster by users
Medium and high fidelity levels prefered by users
Quality and aesthetics more important for designers than end users Designers preserved alignment, symmetry, and semantic grouping of UI Designers are slower than end users
17 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Future Works
Further usability studies includingNumber of recognized/unrecognized shapes/texts/gesturesNumber of effective “widgets” that are added to the interface
Extending the coverage of sketching artifactsOther UI types Other model involved outside HCI Other UI genres …
18 Interact 2007 – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14 September, 2007
Thank you very much for your attention
For more information and downloading,http://www.isys.ucl.ac.be/bchi
http://www.usixml.orgUser Interface eXtensible Markup Language
http://www.similar.ccEuropean network on Multimodal UIs
http://www.usixml.org/index.php?view=page&idpage=29SketchiXML home page