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OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Mobile Applica,on Security – Effec,ve Methodology,
Effec,ve Tes,ng!
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Who Am I? • Hemil Shah – [email protected] • Co-‐CEO & Director, Blueinfy Solu,ons • Past experience
– eSphere Security, HBO, KPMG, IL&FS, Net Square • Interest
– Web and mobile security research • Published research
– ArFcles / Papers – Packstroem, etc. – Web Tools – wsScanner, scanweb2.0, AppMap, AppCodeScan, AppPrint etc. – Mobile Tools – FSDroid, iAppliScan, DumpDroid
[email protected] hRp://www.blueinfy.com Blog – hRp://blog.blueinfy.com/
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
About
• Global experience worked clients based in USA, UAE, Europe and Asia-‐pac. • Clients/Partners include Fortune 100 companies. • Delivery model and support
• Blackbox and Whitebox – Scanners and Code Analyzers • Scanning tools and technology (15 years)
• Strong and tested with Fortune clients • Integrated in SDLC • Help client in miFgaFng or lowering down the Risk by improving process
• In house R&D team for last 7 years • Papers and PresentaFons at conference like RSA, Blackhat, HITB, OWASP etc. • Books wriRen and used as security guides
Know-‐How Methods & Approach
Global Delivery & Team
Technology
Ø BBC Ø Dark Readings Ø Bank Technology Ø SecurityWeek Ø MIT Technology Review
ApplicaFon Security
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Enterprise Technology Trend • 2007. Web services would rocket from $1.6
billion in 2004 to $34 billion. [IDC] • 2008. Web Services or Service-Oriented
Architecture (SOA) would surge ahead. [Gartner]
• 2009. Enterprise 2.0 in action and penetrating deeper into the corporate environment
• 2010. Flex/HTML5/Cloud/API • 2012. HTML5/Mobile era.
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Past, Present and Future
Cloud
2010
Focus
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Mobile Infrastructure
www mail
intranet router DMZ
Internet
VPN
Dial-up
Other Offices
Exchange firewall
Database RAS
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Mobile App Environment
Web Server
Static pages only (HTML,HTM, etc.) Web
Client
Scripted Web
Engine Dynamic pages
(ASP,DHTML, PHP, CGI, etc.)
ASP.NET on .Net Framework, J2EE App Server,
Web Services, etc.
Application Servers
And Integrated Framework
Internet DMZ Trusted
W E B S E R V I C E S
Mobile
SOAP/JSON etc.
DB
X
Internal/Corporate
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Mobile Changes • Application Infrastructure
Changing dimension Web Mobile (AI1) Protocols HTTP & HTTPS JSON, SOAP, REST etc. over
HTTP & HTTPS
(AI2) Information structures
HTML transfer JSON, JS Objects, XML, etc.
(AI3) Technology Java, DotNet, PHP, Python and so on
Cocoa, Java with Platform SDKs, HTML5
(AI4) Information Store/Process
Mainly on Server Side Client and Server Side
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Mobile Changes • Security Threats
Changing dimension Web Mobile
(T1) Entry points Structured Scattered and multiple
(T2) Dependencies Limited • Multiple technologies • Information sources • Protocols
(T3) Vulnerabilities Server side [Typical injections]
• Web services [Payloads] • Client side [Local Storage]
(T4) Exploitation Server side exploitation Both server and client side exploitation
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Black Review flow Architecture Review
Scoping
Server Side Application Footprinting
Mobile Application Footprinting
Application Threat Modeling
Application Deployment Assessment
Application Enumeration and Profiling
Application Discovery
Vulnerability Assessment
Mitigation Strategies
Application Security – Authentication, Access Controls/Authorization, API misuse, Path traversal, Sensitive information leakage, Error handling, Session management, Protocol abuse, Input validations, Cross Site Scripting (XSS), Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF), Logic bypass, Insecure crypto, Denial of Services, Malicious Code Injection, SQL injection, XPATH and LDAP injections, OS command injection, Parameter manipulations, Bruteforce, Buffer Overflow, Format string, HTTP response splitting, HTTP replay, XML injection, Canonicalization, Logging and auditing.
Mobile and Device Security • Insecure storage • Insecure network Communication - Carriers network security & WiFi network attacks • Unauthorized dialing & SMS • UI Impersonation/Spoofing • Activity monitoring and data retrieval • Sensitive data leakage • Hardcoded passwords/keys • Language issues • Timely application update • Jail breaking/Physical device theft • KeyBoard cache/ClipBoard issue • Reading information from SQLite database • Insecure Protocol Handler implementation • And few other loopholes
Reporting
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Insecure Storage • Why application needs to store data
– Ease of use for the user – Popularity – Competition – Activity with single click – Decrease Transaction time – Post/Get information to/from Social Sites
• 9 out of 10 applications have this vulnerability
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Insecure Storage • How attacker can gain access
– Wifi – Default password after jail breaking (alpine) – Physical Theft – Temporary access to device
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Insecure Storage • What information we usually find
– Authentication Credentials – Authorization tokens – Financial Statements – Credit card numbers – Owner’s Information – Physical Address,
Name, Phone number – Social Engineering Sites profile/habbits – SQL Queries
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Insecure Network Communication
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Insecure Network Channel • Easy to perform MiM attacks as Mobile
devices uses untrusted network i.e open/Public WiFi, HotSpot, Carrier’s Network
• Application deals with sensitive data i.e. – Authentication credentials – Authorization token – PII Information (Privacy Violation) (Owner
Name, Phone number, UDID)
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Insecure Network Channel • Can sniff the traffic to get an access to
sensitive data • SSL is the best way to secure
communication channel • Common Issues
– Does not deprecate HTTP requests – Allowing invalid certificates – Sensitive information in GET requests
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Unauthorized Dialing/SMS • Social Engineering using Mobile Devices • Attacker plays with user’s mind • User installs application • Application sends premium rate SMS or a
premium rate phone call to unknown number
• Used by Malware/Trojans
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
AndroidOS.FakePlayer • August 2010 • Sends costly International SMS • One SMS Costs – 25 USD (INR 1250) • Application Sends SMS to –
– 3353 & 3354 numbers in Russia
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
GGTracker • June 2010 • Another Application which sends
International SMS • One SMS Costs – 40 USD (INR 2000) • Application Sends Premium SMS to US
numbers
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
UI Impersonation • Attack has been there since long • On a mobile stack, known as UI
impersonation • Other names are Phishing Attack,
ClickJacking • Attacker plays with user’s mind and try to
impersonate as other user or other application
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
UI Impersonation • Victim looses credit card information or
authentication credentials or secret • One application can create local PUSH
notification as it is created from apple store
• Flow in review process of AppStore – Anyone can name anything to their application
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
NetFlix • Oct -2011 • Steals users “netflix” account information • Application shows error message to user “Compatibility issues with the user’s hardware” when user enters username and password
• Once error message, application uninstalls itself
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Activity Monitoring • Sending a blind carbon copy of each
email to attacker • Listening all phone calls • Email contact list, pictures to attacker • Read all emails stored on the device • Usual intension of Spyware/Trojans
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Activity Monitoring • Attacker can monitor –
– Audio Files – Video – Pictures – Location – Contact List – Call/Browser/SMS History – Data files
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Android.Pjapps • Early 2010 • Steal/Change users information • Application –
– Send and monitor incoming SMS messages – Read/write to the user's browsing history and
bookmarks – Install packages and Open Sockets – Write to external storage – Read the phone's state
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
System Modification • Application will attempt to modify system
configuration to hide itself (Historically this is known as ROOTKIT)
• Configuration changes makes certain attack possible i.e. – – Modifying device proxy to get user’s activity
monitoring – Configure BCC email sending to attacker
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
iKee – iPhone Worm • “ikee” iPhone Worm
– Change root password – Change wallpaper to Ricky Martin.
After infected by “ikee“ iPhone look like this
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
PII Information Leakage • Application usually have access to user’s
private information i.e. Owner Name, Location, Physical Address, AppID, Phone Number
• This information needs to be handled very carefully as per the law in some countries
• Storing this information in plain text is not allowed in some countries
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Hardcoded Secrets • Easiest way for developer to solve
complex issues/functionality • Attacker can get this information by either
reverse engineering application or by checking local storage
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Language Specific Issues • Application in iOS are developed in
Objective-C language which is derived from classic C language
• Along with this derivation, it also derives security issues in C language i.e. overflow attacks
• Using Dex2jar, source code of android application can be accessed
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
dexdump Convert dump .dex files:
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
SQL Injection in Local database
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
SQL Injection in Local database • Most Mobile platforms uses SQLite as
database to store information on the device
• Using any SQLite Database Browser, it is possible to access database logs which has queries and other sensitive database information
• In case application is not filtering input, SQL Injection on local database is possible
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Information in Common Services
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Common Services • KeyBoard, Clipboard are shared amongst
all the applications. • Information stored in clipboard can be
accessed by all the application • Sensitive information should not be
allowed to copy/paste in the application
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Server Side Issues • Most Application makes server side calls
to either web services or some other component. Security of server side component is equally important as client side
• Controls to be tested on the server side – Security Control Categories for Server Side Application– Authentication, Access Controls/Authorization, API misuse, Path traversal, Sensitive information leakage,
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Server Side Issues Error handling, Session management, Protocol abuse, Input validations, XSS, CSRF, Logic bypass, Insecure crypto, DoS, Malicious Code Injection, SQL injection, XPATH and LDAP injections, OS command injection, Parameter manipulations, BruteForce, Buffer Overflow, HTTP response splitting, HTTP replay, XML injection, Canonicalization, Logging and auditing.
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Mobile Top 10 - OWASP • Insecure Data Storage • Weak Server Side Controls • Insufficient Transport Layer Protection • Client Side Injection • Poor Authorization and Authentication • Improper Session Handling • Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs • Side Channel Data Leakage • Broken Cryptography • Sensitive Information Disclosure
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list (iOS Applications)
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list • Fuzz all possible Inputs to the application
and validate output (Query String, POST data, external HTML, RSS Feed or database feed)
• Audit traditional memory unsafe methods (strcpy, memcpy)
• Watch out for format string vulnerabilities • Look for hard coded credentials / secrets
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list • Check network connection (grep for
NSURL, CFStream, NSStream) • Check Database connection and queries
(grep SQL strings and SQLLite queries) • Check only trusted certificate are allowed
(Look for setAllowsAnyHTTPSCertificate and didReceiveAuthenticationChallenge)
• Check what is logged (grep NSLog)
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list
• Check implementation of URLSchemes in handleOpenURL
• Check what is stored in keychain (kSecAttrAccessibleWhenUnlocked or kSecAttrAccessibleAfterFirstUnlock attributes when calling SecItemAdd or SecItemUpdate) and the file system (NSDataWritingFileProtectionComplete).
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list • Check how critical data is stored
(NSUserDefaults should not be used to store critical data)
• Check Server Side controls • Decrypt the binary and run strings to find
sensitive information
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list
• Check whether application uses UIWebView (How application loads HTLM and where it is rendered from? Is URL visible?)
• Check whether copy-paste functionality is enabled in sensitive fields (PII fields)
• Install your favorite proxy to monitor + fuzz web traffic
• Run the app using disassemble to monitor calls
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Pen testing Check list • Check whether critical data fields are
hidden in applicationWillTerminate and applicationWillEnterBackground to prevent screenshot caching
• Check how application handles PII information
OWASP InfoSec India Conference 2012. Hotel Crowne Plaza, Gurgaon (India)
Conclusion/Ques,ons
Hemil Shah [email protected] +91 99790 55100