10 Sets of Best Practices for Java 8

Katsconf – September 2016

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Put the Lime in the Coconut• 10 Best Practices for Java 8• 10 Sets of Best Practices for Java 8

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About this talk…

I’ll Be Your Corporate Shill Today…

How Many Of You Are Using Java 8?

On With The Show!!!

1. General points about adopting Java 8

2. Using Lambdas and Method Refs

3. Coping with Functional Interfaces

4. Adding ‘Optional<T>’ into your codebase

5. The Streams API and Collections

6. Using Streams outside of collections

7. Functional programming with strings

8. Adding parallelism to streams

9. Simplifying Design Patterns with FP

10. The remainder of Java 8

Sets of Best Practises

Levels of Discussion

• High level principles

• Designing API’s

• Design in general

• Low level coding

• Pet peeves

Its Been Amongst Us For Some Time…

Best Practises for Management

• You can’t avoid Java 8• So plan for the pain of change…

• The future is (kinda) functional• Your developers may already be

eager to embrace it

• Explore other JVM languages• Exploring != adopting• Don’t accidentally encourage

use of anti-patterns in Java 8

* Or Clojure, Kotlin, Ceylon etc…

Lambdas and Method References

Replacing Anonymous Inner Classes

Expression Vs. Block Lambdas

Expression Vs. Block Lambdas

Expression Lambdas Good, Block Lambdas Evil…

Best Practises for Lambdas and Method Refs

• obj::foo not x -> obj.foo(x)

• Only write lambdas which have ‘obviously no errors’

• When in doubt prefer method references to lambdas

• Don’t use block lambdas

• Eliminate superfluous syntax• Including final on variables

which are ‘effectively final’

Functional Interfaces

Know Your Functional Interfaces

Overloading and Functional Interfaces

JavaDoc Guidelines for Functional Interfaces

Best Practises for Functional Interfaces

• Learn the functional interfaces

• Consider rewriting abstract classes as functional interfaces

• Avoid overloading with related functional interfaces

• Only write your own functional interfaces when unavoidable

• Follow the naming guidelines when you write your own

• Use @FunctionalInterface

Optional

The Basics of Optional

The Basics of Optional

• optional.ifPresentOrElse(this::foo, this::bar)

• Optional<Account> opt = homeAcct(id).or(() -> workAcct(id))

• List<Email> emails = staff.stream().map(e -> e.getAddress())

.flatMap(Optional::stream).collect(toList())

New Optional Features in Java 9

//may not exist

Best Practises for Option

• Never return null from a method in your public API• Return an Option instead

• Consider whether to require Option within your codebase

• Consider if Option as a parameter is useful to you

• Never return null from a method that declares Option

Be conservative in what you send, be liberal in what you accept

Robustness Principle / Postel's Law

Feel the Evil…

Streams and Collections

Basic Use Of Streams




Two Ways to Find the Average

NB I do know about ‘IntStream.average’ and ‘Collectors.averagingInt’ etc…

Don’t Go Fully Functional in Java

Best Practises for Streams and Collections Pt1

• Be judicious in your use of the ‘functional toolkit’• The methods of the toolkit

are patterns of iteration• Not every use of iteration

cleanly fits the pattern

• Don’t obsess about local state• Its global state that’s bad

Why Are Streams Read-Once?

• Streams are typically explained like UNIX pipes• Each call creates a temporary result which is passed on

• The reality is somewhat different• A stream pipeline is made up of a source, zero or more

intermediate operations and a terminal operation• The terminal operations typically:

• Produce an aggregate value (e.g. reduce and collect)• Select a particular item (e.g. findAny and findFirst)• Iterate over the items (forEach)

• The operations you specify produce a stream description• This description is executed at the terminal operation• Each stage of the pipeline has a set of flags

• These can be used to take shortcuts

Understand How Streams Work Internally

The ‘Spliterator’ Interface

The ‘Spliterator’ Interface


• Its good to return streams from the methods of your API• Items can be fetched lazily• The ‘toolkit’ is right there• Regular collections are

easy to build from streams

• But not in every case• Typically when the data

source might change

Using Collectors


• Understand how streams (may) work ‘under the hood’• Fetching may be lazy• Actions will be postponed

till the termination• Shorts-cuts can be taken

• Write code in ‘sympathy’• In particular become

familiar with Collectors

Streams and Boxing

Streams and Boxing

Streams and Boxing

Without: 1066 With: 2041 Difference: 975Without: 833 With: 1328 Difference: 495Without: 833 With: 1330 Difference: 497Without: 851 With: 1291 Difference: 440Without: 830 With: 1322 Difference: 492Without: 862 With: 1365 Difference: 503Without: 874 With: 1249 Difference: 375Without: 840 With: 1259 Difference: 419…Without: 851 With: 1239 Difference: 388Without: 830 With: 1253 Difference: 423Without: 843 With: 1231 Difference: 388Without: 825 With: 1232 Difference: 407Without: 835 With: 1260 Difference: 425Without: 837 With: 1244 Difference: 407Without: 841 With: 1244 Difference: 403Average difference is: 419.96

Then I Showed This To David…

Streams and Boxing

Streams and Boxing

Streams and Boxing

Streams and Boxing

NB: Units are operations per second so bigger is better


• Be aware of the overhead of boxing when using types such as ‘Stream<Double>’ • Use the specialized types

like ‘DoubleStream’ instead

Functional Programming With Strings

Examples of FP With Strings in Other Languages

class Program {static void Main(string[] args) { string input = " abc-def#ghi+jkl "; string output = RemovePunctuation(input);

Console.WriteLine(output);}private static string RemovePunctuation(string input) { var letters = from c in input.ToLower()

where c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' select c;

return new string(letters.ToArray());}

}

abcdefghijkl

Manipulating Strings Using the Streams API

‘String.chars’ returns an ‘IntStream’

Best Practises for Strings

• Avoid combining the Streams API with String objects

Streams Outside Collections

Using Streams with Zip Files

Using Streams with Zip Files

Using Streams with ‘BufferedReader’

Using Streams with ‘BufferedReader’

Best Practises for Streams and Types

• Remember streams are for more than collections

• Keep an eye as JSE libraries and open source projects incrementally add support

• Reactive Streams are coming in Java 9

Parallel Streams

Be Warned!

Some people, when confronted with a problem, think "I know, I’ll use multi-threading". Nothhw tpe yawrve o oblems.

Basic Parallel Streams

Returning to our Benchmark

Returning to our Benchmark


Its Not That Easy

A More Complex Problem

A More Complex Problem


Its Still Not That Easy

Converting the Code to REST

Sequential(GET /lines)

Parallel(GET /linesParallel)

1 Thread 100 Requests 24 9

100 Threads 20 Requests 825 775



Average Times Via JMeter (Smaller is Better)

Its Still Still Not That Easy

Doug Lea et al…http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/html/StreamParallelGuidance.html

Best Practises for Parallel Streams

• Parallel isn’t a panacea• Parallel isn’t a panacea• Parallel isn’t a panacea• ParParallelallel isn’tn’tn’t

aaaaaaaaaaaa panacea• Use it when the data and

task have the right ‘shape’• Test correctly to confirm

there is real world benefit

Testing Your Parallel Collections

OO Design Patterns and FP

• Patterns are fixes for issues in some style of programming• Places where the toolkit provided by your language is weak• Both OO and FP languages have associated patterns

• The OO and FP styles of programming compliment one another• The use of one can remove the need for a pattern in the

other

• We have already seen an example• The ‘Optional’ type replaces the ‘Null Object’ Pattern

• Having lambdas reduces the need for ‘objects as tasks’• For example in the Command Pattern we can have a table of

lambdas instead of a table of instances of anonymous types

OO Design Patterns and FP

Best Practises for Design Patterns

• Look again at your design and its use of patterns• Could these be reduced

or removed via FP?

• Pay particular attention were objects model tasks• Command• Observer• Strategy• Visitor

The Other Stuff

Best Practises for Other Features

• Annotations can be repeated!• Refactor away ugliness

• Use the new Date/Time API• JodaTime is now legacy

• Be aware that annotations can appear just about anywhere• Benchmarking?• Code generation?

• Prepare for modules in Java 9

Thanks for Watching

Software

10 Sets of Best Practices for Java 8