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Sociology Social Psychology
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Sociology Sociology Social PsychologySocial Psychology
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
DefinitionDefinition Basic ConsiderationsBasic Considerations The Law and PoliticsThe Law and Politics Markets and EconomicsMarkets and Economics Education and MobilityEducation and Mobility Religion and BeliefReligion and Belief
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Definition:Definition:
““Structures in society, manifested Structures in society, manifested as groups of social positions and as groups of social positions and associated social relations, invested associated social relations, invested with legitimate authority, that serve with legitimate authority, that serve to maintain and carry out essential to maintain and carry out essential social functions and perpetuate the social functions and perpetuate the social order. “social order. “
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Basic ConsiderationsBasic Considerations
All institutions are structures composed of social groups.All institutions are structures composed of social groups.
A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of A condition of social groups is the interrelationship of statuses.statuses.
All statuses are reflected in role behaviorAll statuses are reflected in role behavior
Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their Role behaviors are cognitively mediated by their occupants.occupants.
Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.Hence, institutions are cognitively mediated structures.
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
The Law and PoliticsThe Law and Politics
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Approaches to DevianceApproaches to Deviance
– Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Structural (e.g. Merton’s Structural Strain)Strain) Innovator desires ends but hasn’t the Innovator desires ends but hasn’t the
meansmeans
– Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling)Cognitive (e.g. Becker’s Labeling) Attributions via sanctioned legal process Attributions via sanctioned legal process
(Law and Politics)(Law and Politics)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Court SystemCourt System Federal:Federal: - The Supreme Court (1 @ 9)- The Supreme Court (1 @ 9)
- Court of Appeals (11 @ 3)- Court of Appeals (11 @ 3)
- District Courts (94 @ 1)- District Courts (94 @ 1)
- Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1)- Bankruptcy Courts (94 @ 1)
StateState::
- Superior (58 @ 1) - Superior (58 @ 1)
merged with municipal in 2001merged with municipal in 2001
(Law and Politics: The Judicial (Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)Structure)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
State Court SystemState Court System
– Superior Court (58 @ 1)Superior Court (58 @ 1) One for each countyOne for each county
– Municipal Court Municipal Court Merged with Superior Courts in 2001Merged with Superior Courts in 2001
(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)(Law and Politics: The Judicial Structure)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
The Criminal ProcessThe Criminal Process
Arrest Arrest Preliminary HearingPreliminary Hearing ArraignmentArraignment Pre-Trial HearingsPre-Trial Hearings TrialTrial VerdictVerdict SentencingSentencing IncarcerationIncarceration ParoleParole
(Law and (Law and Politics)Politics)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
Arrest and ArraignmentArrest and Arraignment – Memory / Cognitive consistencyMemory / Cognitive consistency
Pre-Trail and Trial JudgmentsPre-Trail and Trial Judgments– Attribution of cause / Distributive JusticeAttribution of cause / Distributive Justice
Sentencing PracticesSentencing Practices– Labeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation Labeling / Status Characteristics and Expectation
statesstates
(Law and (Law and Politics)Politics)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Markets and Markets and EconomicsEconomics
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Approaches to MarketsApproaches to Markets
– Structure (Adam Smith - Structure (Adam Smith - Supply/Demand)Supply/Demand) Production, Distribution & ConsumptionProduction, Distribution & Consumption
– Process (Arrow – Rational Choice)Process (Arrow – Rational Choice) Interpersonal Utility. Risk PreferenceInterpersonal Utility. Risk Preference
(Markets and Economics )(Markets and Economics )
Disintermediation and The Monetary Disintermediation and The Monetary System:System:
– The Federal Reserve – 13 DistrictsThe Federal Reserve – 13 Districts
– Debt – Banks / BondsDebt – Banks / Bonds
– Equity – Stocks / VCEquity – Stocks / VC
Social Institutions Social Institutions (Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
Production, Distribution & ConsumptionProduction, Distribution & Consumption– Utility / Exchange Equity Utility / Exchange Equity
Risk PreferenceRisk Preference– Opportunity Costs / Comparison LevelOpportunity Costs / Comparison Level
GNPGNP– Generalized Exchange Generalized Exchange
Social Institutions Social Institutions (Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Risk PreferenceRisk Preference
Risk
Reward Value
CL
Salience
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Markets and Economics)(Markets and Economics)
Money and Meaning:Money and Meaning:
Earned IncomeEarned Income Wages, SalariesWages, Salaries
Unearned IncomeUnearned Income Dividends, InterestDividends, Interest
Capital GainsCapital Gains Real & Personal Real & Personal
PropertyProperty
TaxesTaxes
To 40%To 40%
To 77%To 77%
To 28%To 28%
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Education and MobilityEducation and Mobility
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)
Structure (Status Attainment Structure (Status Attainment Model)Model)– Parents Status, Education & 1Parents Status, Education & 1stst Job status Job status
Family SES
GradesAbility
Ambition Educatio
n
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
Attribution and achievementAttribution and achievement– Status Characteristics and Success Status Characteristics and Success
AttributionAttribution
Costs, Reward & Delayed GratificationCosts, Reward & Delayed Gratification– Delay as Dissonance ReductionDelay as Dissonance Reduction
Role ModelingRole Modeling– Role Self MergerRole Self Merger
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Education and Mobility)(Education and Mobility)
Family SES
GradesAbility
Ambition Educatio
n
Self Attribution
Role Modeling
Delayed Gratification
Process (Soc Psych Model)
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions
Religion and BeliefReligion and Belief
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)
StructureStructure– Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies)Hierarchically Organized (Bureaucracies)
– Bound by Symbols, Belief and RitualBound by Symbols, Belief and Ritual
Symbols
Beliefs
RitualOrganizations
However, cognitive mediation => disassociation from task => rise of denominations and ultimately cults and sects, where the membership is based more on the beliefs, symbols and ritual than on the organizational membership.
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)
Social Psychological ConsiderationsSocial Psychological Considerations
BeliefBelief– Dissonance ReductionDissonance Reduction
SymbolsSymbols– Significant SymbolsSignificant Symbols
RitualRitual– Intermittent Reinforcement / RewardIntermittent Reinforcement / Reward
Social InstitutionsSocial Institutions(Religion and Belief)(Religion and Belief)
Symbols
BeliefsRitual
Dissonance Reduction
Intermittent Rewards
Organization
S-I’s Significance
• Process (Soc Psych Model)