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Yellowing of Cotton Because of Softeners
LABEESH KUMAR(2015TTF2388)
Hypothesis:In LNJ Denim where I was working previous year, there was a huge problem of Shade defects
due to softeners. So I decide to couple my colour knowledge with my work experience and design this experiment.
Here I divide my experiment in two parts-1. To study the yellowing effect of different kinds of softeners on cotton fabric
2. To study the softening and yellowing effect of different cationic softener concentration on cotton fabric, by measuring Bending length, absorbency time (Drop test), Whiteness index(CIE WI) and Yellowing Index (YI E313).
Further Scope:We can optimize the softening process by CCD (Central composite design) technique by taking the various parameters like pH, Concentration, Temperature etc.
AIM-1 • To study the yellowing effect of different kinds of softeners on cotton fabric.
SOFTENING • MECHANISM
CAUSES OF YELLOWNES
S
INSTRUMENTAL GENERAL
INFORMATION
RESULTS & DISSCUSSION
• EFFECT ON YELLOWNESS• EFFECT ON WHITENESS
INFERENCES
Aim-1:
• To study the yellowing effect of different kinds of softeners on cotton fabric.
FABRIC SUBSTRATE
Why softener…?
Softness ↑Handle ↑Drape ↑Cutting qualities ↑Sewing qualities ↑static build-up ↓
FABRIC SUBSTRATE
MECHANISMS OF SOFTENING: Orientation and
bonding
It’s a surface effect.
New surface of Mol. Chains,
Provide Softening
Reduce inter fibre friction
We touch the tail of the molecule
Hydrophobic tail
Cationic softener
-ve zeta potential on cotton surface
Cationic softeners
Non-ionic softener
Anionic softener
Silicone softeners
1. FIBER AGEING:Continuous exposure and photo oxidation causes yellowness increase
2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTSYellowing by ozone -Earth surface Ozone oxidizes the Indigo dye into Isatin and Antranalic
acid, which are yellow in colourOxides of nitrogen-Nitrogen oxides react with the residues present on the surface of the
fabric and cause yellowness of Nylons
3. CHEMICAL ADDITIVESSoftenersOptical brightening agent- Over usage, High heat or high humidity
CAUSES OF FABRIC YELLOWING:
YELLOWING DUE TO SOFTENERS
• Most commonly used softeners are the amine based (N-H) cationic and silicone softeners
• Reacts with free Cl, and form chloramines (yellow in colour)
• These Amines oxidise at higher temperature to form oxides of nitrogen (yellow in colour)
General information about Instruments:
Whiteness Index-CIE
RECIPE & PROCEDURESample Chemicals Concentration(%)
1 Cationic 10
2 Cationic 20
3 Non-ionic 10
4 Non-ionic 20
5 Silicon 10
6 Silicon 20
Weigh the samplesPrepare the softener
solutions with M:L = 1:40
Pad the samples by padding mangle
Dry the samples at 105 C for 2 min.⁰
Testing the treated and untreated samples at Spectrophotometer .
Sample name L* a* b* WI-CIE YI-E313 DL* Da* Db* DE*
Untreated 83.4 -0.11 0.46 60.61 0.89
Cationic 10% 83.61 -0.19 1.05 58.01 2.09 0.21 L -0.08 G 0.59 Y 0.63
Cationic 20% 83.05 -0.22 1.12 56.58 2.21 -0.35 D -0.11 G 0.66 Y 0.76
Non-ionic 10% 83.48 -0.14 0.67 59.68 1.32 0.07 L -0.02 G 0.21 Y 0.22
Non-ionic 20% 82.64 -0.11 0.49 58.99 0.96 -0.76 D 0 0.03Y 0.77
Silicon 10% 83.69 -0.13 0.82 59.31 1.65 0.29 L -0.02 G 0.42 Y 0.44
Silicon 20% 83.27 -0.14 0.88 58.21 1.78 -0.13 D -0.02 G 0.42 Y 0.44
Experimental results:
Sample name YI-E313Untreated 0.89
Cationic 10% 2.09Cationic 20% 2.21
Untreated 10 200
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.89
2.092.21
Cationic softener % ‘vs’ Yellowness index
Cationic softener %
Yel
low
ness
inde
x
Observations:
Untreated Silicon 10% Silicon 20%0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.89
1.651.78
Silicon softener % ‘vs’ Yellowness index
Yellowness index
Silicon softener %Ye
llow
ness
inde
x
Sample name YI-E313
Untreated 0.89
Silicon 10% 1.65
Silicon 20%1.78
Untreated Nonionic 10% Nonionic 20%0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.89
1.32
0.96
Non-ionic softener % ‘vs’ Yellowness index
YI-E313
Nonionic softener %Ye
llow
ness
inde
x
Sample name YI-E313
Untreated 0.89
Nonionic 10% 1.32
Nonionic 20% 0.96
Sample name YI-E313
Untreated 0.89
Cationic 10% 2.09
Cationic 20% 2.21
Non-ionic 10% 1.32
Non-ionic 20% 0.96
Silicon 10% 1.65
Silicon 20% 1.78
untreated 10% 20%0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
untreated; 0.89
10%; 2.09 20%; 2.21
untreated; 0.89
10%; 1.6520%; 1.78
10%; 1.32
20%; 0.96
cationic silicon non ionic
Silicon softener %
Yello
wne
ss in
dex
The order of yellowing tendency of softeners- Cationic softener > Silicon softener > Non-ionic softener
Concentration Cationic Silicon Nonionic
Untreated 60.61 60.61 60.61
10% 58.01 59.31 59.68
20% 56.58 58.21 58.99
Untreated 10% 20%54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61Untreated; 60.61
10%; 58.01
20%; 56.58
Untreated; 60.61
10%; 59.31
20%; 58.21
Untreated; 60.6110%; 59.68
20%; 58.99
Whiteness index v/s softner concentration(%)
Cationic silicon Nonionic
Softner conc.(%)W
hite
ness
inde
xThe order of Whitening tendency because of softeners- Cationic softener < Silicon softener < Non-ionic softener
INFERENCES:• Among three kinds of softeners, cationic softener is showing highest
yellowness and least whiteness- Because it’s the only one which is having amine groups.
• On increasing concentration of softener yellowness is increasing in cationic, and silicon softeners but there is no specific trend for non-ionic softener.
• We can’t infer the trend from these three values, So more number of experimental analysis is required.
• Because in cationic softeners quaternary ammonium group may present, hence it’s imparting yellowness to cotton fabric.
AIM-2• To study the softening and yellowing effect of
different cationic softener concentration on cotton fabric.
CATIONIC SOFTENER
RECIPE AND PROCEDURE
RESULT AND DISSCUSSION
• EFFECT ON BENDING LENGTH• EFFECT ON YELLOWNESS• EFFECT ON ABSORBENCY
INFERENCES
AIM-2
To study the softening and yellowing effect of different cationic softener concentration on cotton fabric, by measuring Bending length, absorbency time (Drop test), Whiteness index(CIE WI) and Yellowing Index (YI E313).
CATIONIC SOFTENERDefined as materials which dissolve or disperse in water, concentrate and orient at interfaces and ionize in such a way that the cation includes a hydrocarbon chain, which is hydrophobic and contains from 8 to 25 carbon atoms.
Shows the best soft handle.
Have affinity to almost all fibres and are usually applied by the exhaust method
Only problem is incompatibility with anionic auxiliaries (optical brighteners, dyeing auxiliaries) as well as their tendency to yellow in comparison with non-ionic products.
Cationic softeners are mainly used for coloured textile substrates .
Chemicals Recipe 1 Recipe 2 Recipe 3 Recipe 4
Cationic softener (%)
5 10 15 20
Following tests are done -• Bending length• Absorbency • CIE L a b testingWith change in softener concentration
• Softener Concentration (%) - 5, 10, 15, 20
• M:L - 1:40
• Process- Pad - Dry
RECIPE & PROCEDURE
EFFECT ON BENDING LENGTH
Softener Concentration (%)
Bending Length (cm)Warp Weft
UT 2.75 2.725 2.65 2.3
10 2.55 2.2515 2.35 2.2420 2.23 2.1
RESULT & DISCUSSION:
Control 5 10 15 200
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3 2.75 2.65 2.552.35 2.23
2.72 2.3 2.25 2.24 2.1
Bending length Vs softener conc.
Warp Weft
Softener Concentration (%)
Bend
ing
Leng
th (c
m)
Inference#1• On increasing the softener concentration bending length decreases.Softness inter fibre friction That’s why fibre bends more easily.Inference#2• Warp-way bending length > Weft-way bending length .
May be because • generally EPI >PPI• On warp we applied
size during weaving so residual starch is giving the higher bending length.
For Weftway bending length
For Warpway bending length
EFFECT ON ABSORBENCYSoften
er Conc.
(%)
Absorbency (..m ..sec)
5 4 min10 5min 30 sec15 5 min 55 sec20 9 min
5 10 15 200
100
200
300
400
500
600
240
330 355
540
Abosrbancy time (sec)Abosrbancy (sec)
Softener Conc.(%)
Abso
rben
cy ti
me
(sec
)
On adding cationic softener absorbency reduces drastically-“Because by definition a cationic softener includes a hydrocarbon chain, which is hydrophobic and contains from 8 to 25 carbon atoms.”
For Untreated= 2-3 sec
EFFECT ON YELLOWNESS:1st sample set
Sample name L* a* b* WI-CIE YI-E313 DL* Da* Db* DE*
Untreated 83.25 -0.13 0.48 60.2 0.92
Cationic 5%(F) 84.04 -0.17 0.57 61.28 1.07 0.79L -0.03G 0.09Y 0.8
Cationic 10%(F) 83.56 -0.18 0.58 60.27 1.09 0.30L -0.05G 0.10Y 0.32
Cationic 15%(F) 84.23 -0.21 0.63 61.35 1.16 0.98L -0.07G 0.15Y 0.99
Cationic 20%(F) 84.1 -0.19 0.71 60.68 1.35 0.85L -0.06G 0.23Y 0.88
Concentration(%) YI-E313-1 Db*-1
0 0.92
5 1.07 0.09Y
10 1.09 0.10Y
15 1.16 0.15Y
20 1.35 0.23Y
2nd sample set
Sample name L* a* b* WI-CIE YI-E313 DL* Da* Db* DE*
Untreated 83.25 -0.13 0.48 60.2 0.92
Cationic 5%(B) 83.62 -0.2 0.61 60.27 1.13 0.37L -0.07G 0.13Y 0.4
Cationic 10%(B) 84.1 -0.2 0.63 61.08 1.18 0.85L -0.06G 0.15Y 0.86
Cationic 15%(B) 84.12 -0.19 0.66 60.97 1.25 0.86L -0.05G 0.18Y 0.88
Cationic 20%(B) 84.36 -0.22 0.7 61.27 1.3 1.11L -0.09G 0.22Y 1.14
Concentration(%) YI-E313-2 Db*-2
0 0.92
5 1.13 0.13Y
10 1.18 0.15Y
15 1.25 0.18Y
20 1.3 0.22Y
Conc. (%)
YI-E313(For 1st
sample set)
YI-E313(For 2nd
sample set)0 0.92 0.92
5 1.07 1.13
10 1.09 1.18
15 1.16 1.25
20 1.35 1.30 5 10 15 20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0; 0.92
5; 1.0710; 1.09
15; 1.16
20; 1.35
0; 0.92
5; 1.1310; 1.18
15; 1.25
20; 1.3
YI-E313-1 YI-E313-2
Cationic softener Concentration (%)
Yello
wne
ss in
dex
YI-E
313
Concentration(%)
Db* (For 1st sample set)
Db* (For 2nd sample set)
5 0.09Y 0.13Y
10 0.10Y 0.15Y
15 0.15Y 0.18Y
20 0.23Y 0.22Y
5 10 15 200
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
5; 0.09 10; 0.1
15; 0.15
20; 0.23
5; 0.13
10; 0.15 15; 0.1820; 0.22
Db* value v/s Concentration(%)
Db* (For 1st sample set) Db* (For 2nd sample set)
Concentration(%)
Db*
valu
e
Conclusion: Among all type of softeners cationic softeners are showing the more yellowing for cotton
fabric.
Higher the concentration of cationic softener, more will be the –• Yellowing effect• Softening effect• And lesser absorbency.
For minimizing the yellowness of cotton we will prefer lesser concentration of softener.
REFERENCES:• Handbook of fiber science and technology. Vol. II; Functional finishes: Part B. Menachem Lewin und
Stephen B. Sello.• GUPTA, D. "Softening treatments for technical textiles." Advances in the Dyeing and Finishing of Technical
Textiles (2013): 154.• Boethling, R. S., Elizabeth Sommer, and David DiFiore. "Designing small molecules for
biodegradability." Chemical reviews 107, no. 6 (2007): 2207-2227.• Bakhtyar, S.; Nguyen, K.; Rabke, S.; Gagnon, M. M. Closed Bottle Biodegradation Test for Drilling Fluids.
Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) North America, Montreal, Canada, 5-9 Nov, 2006.
• Ajayi, Joseph O. "Fabric smoothness, friction, and handle." Textile research journal 62, no. 1 (1992): 52-59.• Ali, S. I., and Shahida Begum. "Fabric softeners and softness perception."Ergonomics 37, no. 5 (1994): 801-
806.• Czech, A. M., J. Pavlenyi, and A. J. Sabia. "Modified Silicone Softeners for Fluorocarbon Soil Release
Treatments." Textile Chemist & Colorist 29, no. 9 (1997).• Almeida, Luís de, and Artur Cavaco Paulo. "Softening of cotton by enzymatic hydrolysis." (1993).
Thank you…