1

Zoo & Wild life Medicine

2

Viral Diseases of Wild Ruminants

University Of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan

3

Wild Ruminants

Elk (male) White tailed deer

Caribou

4black-tailed deer Wildebeest antelopes

5

oryxmoose gazelles

6

Conti…

• red deer• mountain sheep• mountain goats• caribou• reindeer• and buffalo

7

VIRAL DISEASES :

Foot - and - Mouth Disease (FMD) PPR Rinderpest (RP)  Bluetongue  Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) / Mucosal Disease (MD)  Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)  Akabane Disease  Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease of Deer  Wesselbron Disease

8

Conti..

Contagious EcthymaUlcerative dermatosisScrapieVesicular Stomatitis

9

FMDA Picornavirus –

highly resistant in the environment – lasts

months

7 serotypes AOC, SAT1-3, Asia1

60+ subtypes

10

Transmission:

• Direct contact• Infective (food stuff , utensils,• Aerosol• Fomites• Secretion & Excretion( urine ,milk, feaces, saliva)

11

What are the Clinical Findings?

12

13

14

Lesions:

Vesicles and ulcerationTiger heart (grey or yellow foci)

Treatment:No specific , symptomatic treatment may be done.

15

Rinderpest (RP)

Most cloven-footed wild animals such as bison and deerAntelopeWildebeestKuduElandGiraffeHippopotamusGazelleWarthog

16

Etiology:

• Cause by RNA virus of pararmyxo group.

Transmission:Direct contact ,Inhalation,Infected food & waterDischarges( blood ,urine ,feaces, eye, oral and vaginal discharges)

17

Clinical findings:

• The “four D’s” of Rinderpest:DepressionDiarrheaDehydrationDeath

• Restlessness, Dried up muzzle• Serous lacrimation• Nasal Lacrimation• Salivation, Oral lesion• Cough• Skin lesion (pustules)• Pregnant animal may abort

18

Differential Diagnosis:

• FMD• Malignant Catarrhal fever• Haemorreghic septicemia

Treatment No specific treatment

19

Contagious ecthyma

Synonyms: Scabby mouth or Sour mouthOrf

Etiology:Virus belong to the family poxviridae

20

Transmission:

• Through abrasion on skin (produce by thistles, prickles)

• Kids and lambs affected through suckling milk• Scab form on the body fall off and the virus remain in

the environment thus the source for others.

21

• Clinical findings:DullnessDepression AnorexiaHigh temp.SalivationMucopurulant nasal dischargeNodular eruptions on Oral commissure, lips ,mouth and nostrils Lesions also on tongue and gumLesions followed by papules, vesicles, pustules and ulcers in 3-4 days

22

Scab is formed within 1 wk and peel off the skin within 4 weeksSelf limiting

Diagnosis:

Characteristic clinical findingsFluorescent antibody testCFTAGPT

23

Differential diagnosis:It must be differentiated from sheep pox & FMD

sheep pox 1. Crust are soft2. Absence of generalized pox lesions in skin & viscera3. Comparatively low mortality

FMD4. Absence of foot and tongue lesions5. Etiology is also different

24

Treatment:

Symptomatic Rx may be used to avoid secondary bacterial infectionCopper Sulfate 5% sol.Systemic antibiotic are useFly repellents

25

Blue Tongue

Name origin from the Dutch word “blaau tong” means mouth sickness.

Consider as Pseudo FMD

26

Etiology

RNA virusOrbivirus of ReoviridaeVirus resistant to decomposition, antiseptic agentsPersist for long time in meat and bloodUpto 7 years

27

Transmission:

Disease is non contagious but spread through blood sucking midges of the Culicoides.

Melophagus ovinus may transmit the disease mechanically.

White tail deer and antelope are considered to be reservoir of infection

28

Melophagus ovinus

29

Clinical findings:

1. Acute FormCharacterized by high rise of tempNasal discharge, salivationLacrymationSwelling of gum, tongue and lipsNecrosis of dental padMuzzle turns dry and show burnt appearanceCyanotic and bluish appearance of tongueDiarrhoae & Pneumonia

30

2. Abortive form

Characterized by abortion and deformaties

Arthrogryosis Prognathia

31

3. Sub acute or sub clinical FormGenerally unnoticedLower plan of nutritionWorm burden Incliment weatherFatigue

32

Lesions:

Characteristic lesion are

Organs Changes

Mouth Hyperaemia

Tongue It becomes blue and gangrenous

Leg Coronary band show congestion & hemorrhage

Skeletal and Cardiac muscle Signs of hyperemia and necrosis

Lungs Pneumonic changes

Placenta Hemorrhagic

33

• Differential Diagnosis

FMD Blue tongue

Spread Through direct contact Require a insect vector

Vesicles on tongue & feet Cyanotic changes on tongue

Absent Pneumonia present

34

Treatment:No specific lesion Antibiotics for secondary infectionLocal antiseptics may be use

35

precautions

Fly Repellent

Disease Awareness

Emergency MedicinesBathing

Clothing

36