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Stream Flow
s
1. Water Quantity2. Habitat Loss - Removal of Riparian
Vegetation3. Wetlands4. Channelization5. Inadequate Substrate6. Water Temperature and pH7. Total Suspended Solids8. Total Dissolved Solids and nutrients9. Pollutants
Rank Ocean Notes
1 Pacific Ocean Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas
2 Atlantic Ocean Separates the Americas from Eurasia and Africa
3 Indian OceanWashes upon southern Asia and separates Africa
andAustralia
4 Southern Ocean
Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific,
Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which
encircles Antarctica
5 Arctic Ocean
Sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic, which
covers much of the Arctic and washes upon
northern North America and Eurasia
Characteristics of Oceanic Gases
Gas
Concentration of Seawater, by Mass
(in parts per million), for whole
Ocean
% Dissolved Gas, by Volume, in
Seawater at Ocean Surface
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
64 to 107 15%
Nitrogen (N2) 10 to 18 48%
Oxygen (O2) 0 to 13 36%
Solubility of Oceanic Gases (in terms of mL/L) with Temperature at salinity of 33% and atmospheric
pressure
Temperature O2 CO2 N2
0 °C 8.14 8,700 14.47
10 °C 6.42 8,030 11.59
20 °C 5.26 7,350 9.65
30 °C 4.41 6,600 8.26
The SEA FLOOR/SEA BED
Generalized Characteristics of Ocean Surface by Latitude
CharacteristicOceanic Waters in Polar regions
Oceanic Waters in Temperate
regions
Oceanic Waters in Tropical
regions
Precipitation vs.
evaporationP > E P > E E > P
Sea Surface Temperature in Winter
−2 °C 5 to 20 °C 20 to 25 °C
Average Salinity 28% to 32% 35% 35% to 37%
Annual Variation of AirTemperature
≤ 40ªC 10 °C < 5 °C
Annual Variation of WaterTemperature
< 5ªC 10 °C < 5 °C
Mean Oceanic Residence Times for specific Constituents
Constituent Residence Time (in years)
Iron (Fe) 200
Aluminum (Al) 600
Manganese (Mn) 1,300
Water (H2O) 4,100
Silicon (Si) 20,000
Carbonate (CO32-) 110,000
Calcium (Ca2+) 1,000,000
Sulfate (SO42-) 11,000,000
Potassium (K+) 12,000,000
Magnesium (Mg2+) 13,000,000
Sodium (Na+) 68,000,000
Chloride (Cl-) 100,000,000
Absorption of Light in Different Wavelengths by Ocean
Color: Wavelength (nm)
Depth wherein 99 percent of
wavelength is absorbed (in
meters)
Percent absorbed in 1 meter of
water
Ultraviolet (UV): 310 31 14.0
Violet (V): 400 107 4.2
Blue (B): 475 254 1.8
Green (G): 525 113 4.0
Yellow (Y): 575 51 8.7
Orange (O): 600 25 16.7
Red (R): 725 4 71.0
Infrared (IR): 800 3 82.0
The OCEAN BASIN
STRUCTURE
SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACT
