Statistical lab report - oxygen concentration changes in marine seagrass ( zostera) related to an increase of time factor in saltwater in australia

Awad N Albalwi SCIE913 St.No: 3343297

Statistical Laboratory Report Analysis of 3 Datasets 1

Oxygen concentration changes in marine seagrass ( zostera) related to

an increase of time factor in saltwater in Australia

Introduction

Zostera is one of several types of Seagrasses species which rhizome angiosperm plants

changed to live and grow in marine. Seagrass are homes to protect young fish. In addition, in

temperate and tropical places where the seagrasses have distribution from midlittoral subtidal

depths from 40 to 50 meters in sedimentary. (Mills and Berkenbusch (2009)). In ocean, the

seagrasses are responsible for producing about 12% of organic carbon substances ( Hebert &

Morse,2003) . Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is used as a test measures of the oxygen

amount which used by microorganisms during aerobic decomposition of organic pollutants. In

addition, oxygen amount used is an indirect measure of the amount of biodegradable organic

material present in a sample given. (Minear and Keith,1984) . The main aim of this work was to

examine the hypotheses which was H0: There is no relationship and regression between time

(days) and biological oxygen demand (BOD).

Methods

Datasets were provided by Dr. Katarina Mikac from the University of Wollongong. The data were

analysis by using Excel program . firstly , the data that related to Oxygen concentration (mg

O2/L) and time (days) in seagrass or Zostera from all datasets was copied and pasted in new

worksheet . secondly, the mean and the standard deviation for oxygen concentration was

calculated by excel and then the chart of time (days) on X axes and oxygen concentration (mg

O2/L) on Y axes was drawn. Thirdly, the regression line was drawn and the liner equation , R-

squared value and p-value were displayed on the chart . . Finally, Tables and graphs were

generated by Excel.



Results

The result has indicated that the average oxygen concentration was 88.5±44 (mg O2/L)

(Table.1). Figure.1 has shown that in seagrass or Zostera, there was clear an increase in

Oxygen concentration (mg O2/L) during 140 days . Moreover, the difference in concentration of

oxygen (mg O2/L) during experiment period was 135 (mg O2/L). The lowest value of Oxygen

concentration was in the first experiment day while the highest value of Oxygen concentration

was in the final experiment day (figure .1). Furthermore, the result has shown that there was a

strong significant and positive relationship/ regression between Oxygen concentration (mg O2/L)

and time (days) for Zostera or Seagrass. Zostera because of R2= 0.97 and P-value= 4.4E-21

(figure.2). As a result of P< 0.05 the null hypothesis was rejected.

Table.1.Summary descriptive statistic for the oxygen concentration in seagrass and time(days).

Time (day) Oxygen concentration (mg

O2/L) Mean 14.88 88.5

Standard Error 1.65 8.3

Median 15.50 97.5

Mode #N/A 125.0

Standard Deviation 8.42 42.3

Sample Variance 70.91 1791.5

Kurtosis -1.23 -1.2

Skewness -0.13 -0.4

Range 27.00 135.0

Minimum 1.00 5.0

Maximum 28.00 140.0

Sum 387.00 2300.0

Count 26.00 26.0



-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Mea

n

days

Oxyg

en

co

ncen

trati

on

( M

gO

2/L

)

Figure.1, The mean and standard deviation average of Oxygen concentration in seagrass or Zostera

y = 4.9673x + 14.525

R2 = 0.9766

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

days

Oxyg

en

co

ncen

trati

on

(m

g O

2/L

)

Figure.2, a strong positive regression between time (days) and Oxygen concentration (mg O2/L) for Zostera .

P-value= 4.4E-21



Discussion

The object of this study to examine the link and regression between oxygen concentration and

time ( days) in Zostera or seagrass . the null hypothesis was there was no relationship and

regression between oxygen concentration and time in days . Unexpected, this study has shown

that there was a strong and significant relationship between oxygen concentration and time in

days because the P-value was less than 0.05.

References

Hebert, A,B and Morse, J,W (2003), "Microscale effects of light on H2S and Fe2+ in vegetated (Zostera marina) sediments", Marine Chemistry, Vol. 81pp. 1-9. Mills, V, S and Berkenbusch ,K (2009), "Seagrass (Zostera muelleri) patch size and spatial location influence infaunal macroinvertebrate assemblages ", Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol. 81, pp. 123-129. Minear, R A and Keith, L H (eds) (1984), Water analysis: Volume III Organic species, Academic Press, INC, Orlando,



Trends in cigarettes consumption during weekdays among British male smokers

Introduction

Worldwide ,Smoking cigarette is a major factor for heart disease and cancers which lead to

death causes among male smokers .( Xu et al , 2007). The purpose of this report was to

examine the null hypothesis which was there was no relationship & correlation between the

cigarettes consumption per weekdays among male smokers and the age (year old) in Britain.

Methods


analysis by using Excel program. Firstly, the data that related to the age of male smokers and

amount of cigarettes copied and pasted in new worksheet. Secondly, amount cigarettes mean

and standard deviation was calculated for every old age of male smoker. Thirdly, summary

descriptive statistics was applied for both age of male smokers and the amount of cigarettes per

weekdays. In addition, the chart between the amount of cigarettes per weekdays (Y axes) and

the age (year) (X axes) was drawn with displaying the standard deviation of all amount

cigarettes values. The correlation coefficient (r) was calculated by using correlation function in

Excel program. Moreover, the t-test and p-value was done by using t-test, two sample assuming

unequal variances function. Finally, the tables and figures were generated by Excel program.



Results

This study has shown that there were differences in consuming cigarettes per weekdays

among male smokers in Britain (table.1). The table. 1 has indicated that the minimum and

maximum cigarettes amount were 1 and 40 respectively and the average smoking amount

was 16.44 ±7.09 . In addition the average male smokers was 45.84± 18.31(year) (Table.1).

Figure .1 has shown that the highest smoking amount during weekdays was at age 72 year old,

while the lowest smoking amount during weekdays was at age 75 year old. The correlation

coefficient (r) was + 0.233 and p-value was 3.47E-53 (figure.2). Furthermore, it was clear that

there was weak and significant positive relationship & correlation between the age of male

smokers and the smoking amount per weekdays in UK because the p-value was less than 0.05

so, the null hypothesis was rejected.

Table .1. Summary descriptive statistics for age of male smokers and amount of cigarettes during the weekdays in UK.

Male age ( year) Amount of Cigarettes in weekdays

Mean 45.84 16.44

Standard Error 2.45 0.95

Median 45.50 16.44

Mode #N/A 6.00

Standard Deviation 18.31 7.09

Sample Variance 335.12 50.26

Kurtosis -1.07 2.54

Skewness 0.11 0.80

Range 66.00 39.00

Minimum 16.00 1.00

Maximum 82.00 40.00

Sum 2567.00 920.64

Count 56.00 56.00



-10.00

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

16 19 22 25 29 32 35 38 41 45 49 52 55 58 61 64 68 72 78

Age ( year)

Am

ou

nt

of

Cig

are

ttes

Figure.2 the mean and standard deviation of the smoking amount ( cigarettes) during weekdays and the age of the male smokers in UK.

R= 0.233

p-value= 3.47E-53

t-tast-1.96

df=299

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Age ( year)

Th

e am

ou

nt

of

cig

are

ttes

Figure.2. The positive linear correlation between the cigarettes amount consumption during weekdays by male smokers ( year old) in UK.



Discussion

The purpose of this report was to examine the null hypothesis which was there was no the

relationship & correlation between the cigarettes consumption per weekdays among male

smokers and the age (year old) in Britain. According to this study results there was a weak

significant and positive relationship/ correlation between the age (year old) of male smokers and

the amount of cigarettes per weekdays in UK. According to study by Kleinke et al,(1983) which

has indicated to approximately similar results , the average cigarette consumption among male

smokers weekdays in USA was 17.8 (cigarettes / weekdays) ,compared with The mean

cigarette consumption among male smokers in UK which was 16.44 (cigarettes / weekdays).

In addition , Gilpin & Pierce (2003) has shown that the cigarettes consumption of California

male adolescents per day was 18.7 ± 1.9 (cigarettes) which was similar to consumption of

British male adolescents smokers (16 year old) which was 18.98±7 (cigarettes).

References

Gilpin, E, Aand Pierce, J,P (2003). 'Concurrent use of tobacco products by California adolescents' , Preventive Medicine , Vol.(36), pp. 575-584. Kleinke, C,L.,Staneski, R,A , MEEKER ,F,B (1983). 'Attributions for smoking behavior: Comparing smokers with nonsmokers and predicting smokers' cigarette consumption.' Journal of Research in Personality , Vol.(17) , pp. 242-255. Xu, W, H, Zhang, X,L, Gao , Y,T, Xiang, Y,B , Gao, L,F, Zheng, W and Shu ,X,O (2007), 'Joint effect of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on mortality.' Preventive Medicine . vol. (45), pp. 313-319.



The differences in concentration of Silica dioxide in rocks from Kilauea volcanoes and rocks from whole Hawaiian volcanoes

Introduction

Several hundreds million years ago, many volcanoes have formed many Hawaiian Islands.

According to Wohletz and Heiken, 1992 , most rocks of volcanoes contain mainly silicate

mineral and other chemical compounds such as TiO2,Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO2, FeO , MgO, CaO,

Na2O and K2O. Silica or silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) is chemical compound which used a lot in

manufacturing the glass and silica gel. (Oxford dictionary). The aim of this report to examine the

hypotheses which was H0: There was no difference between the average concentration (ug/g)

of SiO2 in rocks from Kilauea volcanoes and rocks from hawaiin volcanoes .

Methods


analysis by using Excel program . firstly , the data that related to concentration (ug/g) of SiO2 in

rocks of all Hawaiin volcanoes was selected from all datasets . Secondary , the data of

concentration of SiO2 in rocks of all Hawaiin volcanoes was put in new worksheet. Thirdly , the

mean , standard deviation , correlation were statistical techniques employed . Frothily, T-test

formula of Single Mean and the Population was used to calculate t-test and then the statistical

table ( tail Areas for t curve) and df were used to finding p-value. t-test formula for the mean

sample and mean population:

Finally, Tables and graphs were generated by Excel program.

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Silicon

http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Silicon



Results

The table.1 has shown that there was differences in concentration of Sio2 in rocks of all

Hawaiian volcanoes and Kilauea volcanoes . for example, the median of concentration of Sio2

in rocks of all Hawaiian volcanoes and Kilauea volcanoes was 48.30 ug/g and 50.60 ug/g

respectively .However, the mode of concentration of Sio2 in rocks of all Hawaiin volcanoes and

Kilauea volcanoes was similar ( 50.04 ug/g ) (Table.1).The mean of concentration of Sio2 in

rocks of Kilauea volcanoes was 50.45 ± 0.60 (ug/g) while it was 48.85 ± 3.08 48.85 in rocks

of hawaiin volcanoes (Figure.1). Regarding to above , there was differences in concentration

of Sio2 in rocks of both Hawaiin volcanoes and Kilauea volcanoes because p-value = 0.000

p<0.05 so, H0 was rejected.

Table 1, Descriptive statistics for average of concentration of Sio2 in rock of all Hawaiin volcanoes and Kilaveea Volcanoes.

statistical techniques hawaiin Volcanoes Sio2 concentration

Kilauea Volcanoes Sio2 concentration

Mean (ug/g) 48.85 50.45

Standard Error (ug/g) 0.29 0.127

Median (ug/g) 48.30 50.60

Mode (ug/g) 50.04 50.04

Standard Deviation (ug/g) 3.08 0.60

Sample Variance (ug/g) 9.50 0.355

Kurtosis (ug/g) 5.01 -0.27

Skewness (ug/g) 1.74 -0.57

Range (ug/g) 18.40 2.19

Minimum (ug/g) 43.49 49.16

Maximum (ug/g) 61.89 51.35

Sum (ug/g) 5519.79 1109.85

Count 113.00 22



42.00

43.00

44.00

45.00

46.00

47.00

48.00

49.00

50.00

51.00

52.00

53.00

All Hawaiin Volcanoes Kilavea Volcanoes

Th

e a

vera

ge o

f co

ncen

trati

on

of

Sio

2 i

n r

ocks

Figure.1, The mean and standard deviation average of concentration of Sio2 in rock of all Hawaiin volcanoes and Kilaveea Volcanoes.

Discussion

The purpose of this report was to examine the null hypothesis which was There was no

difference between the average concentration (ug/g) of SiO2 in rocks from Kilauea volcanoes

and rocks from hawaiin volcanoes . This paper has shown that there was differences in

concentration of Sio2 in rocks of both Hawaiin volcanoes and Kilauea volcanoes because p-

value = 0.000 p<0.05 . Wohletz and Heiken, 1992 have shown that the result of the mean

value concentration of Sio2 ( 48.65) in rock from Hawaiian volcanoes was approximately similar

to the mean value of concentration of (ug/g) of SiO2 ( 48.85 ) in rocks from hawaiin volcanoes

in this paper .

References

Wohletz, K and Heiken, G (1992), Volcanology and geothermal energy , Univeristy of CaliforniaPress, Oxford.

