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What are the benefits of volunteering for volunteers?
5th SHARE User ConferenceNovember 13, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
The project
Impact of the Third Sector as Social Innovation Funded by the European Commission Coordinated by Universität Heidelberg (Prof.
Helmut Anheier) 9 countries
Our team
Prof. René Bekkers Arjen de Wit Dave Verkaik Danique Karamat Ali
The questions
Does volunteering keep you healthy? (reviews by Brown & Brown 2015, Bekkers, Konrath
& Smith, 2014, Jenkinson et al. 2013) Does volunteering keep you happy?
– (Aknin et al. 2013, Meier & Stutzer 2008) Does volunteering prevent you from
unemployment? And prevent you from retiring? (Paine et al. 2013, Strauss 2009)
How to estimate the benefits of volunteering?
Estimates on cross-sectional data includes both selection and causation
We cannot randomly assign people to be a volunteer or not
Changes in volunteering and changes in outcome variables
The data
Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), 2004-2011
German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), 1984-2011
Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey (GINPS), 2002-2014
Longitudinal Aging Survey Amsterdam (LASA), 1993-2006
Swiss Household Panel (SHP), 1999-2013
British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) / Understanding Society (US), 1996-2012
The data
Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), 2004-2011
German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP), 1984-2011
Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey (GINPS), 2002-2014
Longitudinal Aging Survey Amsterdam (LASA), 1993-2006
Swiss Household Panel (SHP), 1999-2013
British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) / Understanding Society (US), 1996-2012
Today's special: only people aged 50+ in all datasets
Volunteers are healthier
SHARE0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Non-volunteersVolunteers
Across Europe...
Volunteers are healthier
SHARE DE GSOEP0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Non-volunteersVolunteers
...in Germany...
Volunteers are healthier
...in The Netherlands...
SHARE NL GINPS LASA0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Non-volunteersVolunteers
Volunteers are healthier
...and in Switzerland.
SHARE CH SHP0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Non-volunteersVolunteers
Volunteers are happier
Across Europe...
SHARE0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Non-volunteersVolunteers
Volunteers are happier
...in Germany...
SHARE DE GSOEP0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Non-volunteersVolunteers
Volunteers are happier
...and in Switzerland.SHARE CH SHP
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Non-volunteersVolunteers
How about volunteering and employment status?
How about volunteering and employment status?
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Non-volunteersVolunteers
SHARE
Across Europe...
How about volunteering and employment status?
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Non-volunteersVolunteers
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70GSOEP
...in Germany...
SHARE DE
How about volunteering and employment status?
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
Non-volunteersVolunteers
...in The Netherlands...
SHARE NL GINPS
How about volunteering and employment status?
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
60
No job Job Retired0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Non-volunteersVolunteers
...and in Switzerland.
SHARE CH SHP
Selection or causation?
Selection or causation?
Hypothetical example of the development of well-being as a result of causal influences of volunteering
Selection or causation?
Hypothetical example of the development of well-being as a result of both causative influences of volunteering and selection processes
Changes in self-reported health status
SHARE
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteering Quit volunteeringStart volunteering
**
***
Across Europe...
Changes in self-reported health status
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
SHARE DE GSOEP
...in Germany...
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in self-reported health status
LASA GINPS
...in The Netherlands...
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
SHARE NL
***
**
Changes in self-reported health status
SHARE CH SHP
...and in Switzerland.
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
******
*
Changes in subjective well-being
SHARE
Across Europe...
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteering Quit volunteeringStart volunteering
***
***
*
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in subjective well-being
SHARE DE
...in Germany...
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
GSOEP
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in subjective well-being
SHARE CH
...and in Switzerland.
SHP
-0.05
-0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in employment status
Changes in employment status
SHARE
Across Europe...
Into retirementInto unemployment
Into employment-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
***
***
***
*
SHARE
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in employment status
SHARE DE
...in Germany...
GSOEP
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
***
***
***
******
*
Into retirementInto unemployment
Into employment
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in employment status
SHARE NL
...in The Netherlands...
GINPS
Into retirementInto unemployment
Into employment
***
***
***
******
***
***
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Remain volunteeringQuit volunteeringStart volunteering
Changes in employment status
SHARE CH
...and in Switzerland.
SHP
Into retirementInto unemployment
Into employment
***
*** **
***
Conclusions
Only moderate effects on self-reported health and subjective well-being
Starting to volunteer goes together with retiring SHARE data generally show substitution between
voluntary work and paid work Most variance can be attributed to selection
Limitations
Different surveys have different questions, survey modes, sampling etc.
Not a perfect measure of causality
Next steps
Look at variation between volunteers Examine explanatory mechanisms Compare different estimation techniques (fixed-
effects/first-difference, propensity score matching, instrumental variables)
Pool all data
Next steps
Look at variation between volunteers Examine explanatory mechanisms Compare different estimation techniques (fixed-
effects/first-difference, propensity score matching, instrumental variables)
Pool all data
→ mega-analysis
Thank you.
Report “Welfare impacts of participation”available at www.itssoin.eu
Arjen de Wit@[email protected]
