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Sea Turtle Injuries on Bald Head Island and their Effects on Fecundity Joseph A Seebode Bald Head Island Conservancy College of the Holy Cross

Sea Turtle Injuries on Bald Head Island and their Effects on Fecundity

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Sea  Turtle  Injuries  on  Bald  Head  Island  and  their  Effects  on  Fecundity  

Joseph  A  Seebode    Bald  Head  Island  Conservancy    

College  of  the  Holy  Cross  

Sea  Turtles    •  Seven  Species  Worldwide  

–  Found  in  tropics,  subtropics,  and  temperate  oceans  of  the  world    

•  DisFnguishing  Features    –  Hard  shell  made  of  bone    

•  Carapace  +  Plastron    –  Air  Breathing    –  Lay  eggs  on  land    –  Cold-­‐blooded      

•  Importance  of  protecFng  sea  turtles    

Sea  Turtles  NesFng  on  BHI      •  Five  species  of  sea  turtles  

offshore  –  Only  three  species  known  to  nest  during  summer  months    

•   Loggerheads  typically  lay  between  100-­‐120  eggs  in  a  clutch    –  Two  to  three  clutches  in  a  nesFng  season    

–  Reach  maturity  around  age  25  

–  Do  not  nest  every  year;  nest  every  2-­‐4  years    

IntroducFon-­‐  Sea  Turtle  Injuries  •  Injuries  decrease  an  animal’s  fitness,  or  ability  to  survive    •  Sea  turtles  someFmes  strand  on    beaches  when  they  are  sick  or  

injured    •  Injuries  may  kill  or  seriously  affect  the  health  of  a  sea  turtle  

–  University  of  Florida  Study    •  Hypothesis  1:  There  has  been  a  change  in  the  number  of  sea  turtles  

that  are  injured  each  year    •  Hypothesis  2:  Sea  turtles  with  injuries  will  have  less  ability  to  

acquire  food  and  thus  less  energy  to  reproduce  and  produce  eggs    

Methods    •  Selected  years  1993  to  2013  to  look  at  BHI  nesFng  data;  1998  to  

2013  for  North  Carolina  stranding  data  from  seaturtle.org    •  Recording  injury  descripFons  from  sea  turtle  data  binders  from  

the  BHIC    –  Classifying  sea  turtles  as  having  none,  minor,  or  a  major  injury    

•  Determining  individual  sea  turtles  by  matching  PIT  and  Flipper  Tags    

•  Comparing  the  number  of  eggs  laid  by  sea  turtles  with  no  injuries,  minor  injuries,  and  major  injuries  as  a  measure  of  fecundity    

Types  of  Injuries    •  Causes  of  sea  turtle  injuries:  boat  propeller  strikes,  entanglement  in  marine  

debris,  and  natural  predaFon  (such  as  sharks)    

 •  Major-­‐  missing  a  flipper  or  parFal  flipper,  large  breaks  in  the  carapace,  or  

damage  to  the  skull  

 •  Minor  –  small  piece  missing  from  carapace  or  flipper,  small  gash    

Results:  Injured  NesFng  Sea  Turtles  on  BHI      

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

1993  

1994  

1995  

1996  

1997  

1998  

1999  

2000  

2001  

2002  

2003  

2004  

2005  

2006  

2007  

2008  

2009  

2010  

2011  

2012  

2013  

Num

ber  o

f  Nes+n

g  Sea  Tu

rtles  

Year  

Injured  vs.  Non-­‐injured  Nes+ng  Sea  Turtles  on  Bald  Head  Island    

Non-­‐injured  

Injured    

BHI  NesFng  Sea  Turtles  with  Major  Injuries    

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

1993   1994   1995   1996   1997   1998   1999   2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013  

Num

ber  o

f  Sea  Turtle

s  w/  Major  In

jurie

s    

Year    

Number  of  Nes+ng  Sea  Turtles  with  Major  Injuries  on  BHI  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

1996   1998   2000   2002   2004   2006   2008   2010   2012   2014  

Num

ber  o

f  Stran

dings  d

ue  Anthrop

ogen

ic-­‐Cau

sed    In

jurie

s    

Year    

North  Carolina  Sea  Turtle  Strandings  due  to  WatercraF  Strikes  

Effects  on  Fecundity    •  Average  Number  of  Eggs  Laid    

–  No  Injuries:117.18  •  946  nests    

–  Minor  Injuries:  123.23  •  162  nests    

–  Major  Injuries  :  107.15    •  33  nests    

•  Minor  injuries  significantly  different  from  no  injuries  and  major  injuries;  however  major  injuries  not  significantly  different  from  no  injuries    

Discussion    •  Number  of  injuries  per  year  does  not  change  much,  but  sFll  

important  to  find  ways  to  decrease  injuries    –  400,846  registered  boats  in  NC  in  2010    –  Jet  Propulsion  boats  found  to  be  safer  for  sea  turtles    

•  #  of  eggs  laid  are  within  or  close  to  the  overall  average  for  Loggerhead  sea  turtles:  100-­‐120,  even  though  some  significantly  differ  from  one  another    –  Only  33  sea  turtles  with  major  injuries  found  injuries    

Experimental  Error    

•  Some  nesFng  data  could  not  be  used:  –  Sea  turtle  not  observed    –  Nest  lost  and  egg  data  not  available    

•  Injuries  on  plastron  not  able  to  be  observed    

•  Difference  in  records  year  to  year    •  RelocaFon  egg  count  and  excavaFon  

egg  count  may  differ    

Injury  Recovery  &  Further  Research    •  Importance  of  Sea  Turtle  Hospitals    •  Natural  Healing  

•  Further  research  required  to  more  fully  understand  the  relaFonship    between  an  injury  and  fecundity    •  Study  using  more  sea  turtles  with  major  injuries  +  comparing  sea  turtle  fecundity  before  and  aher  an  injury  occurred    

•  More  safety  precauFons  should  be  put  in  place  to  prevent  anthropogenic  injuries  +  sea  turtle  rescue  and  rehabilitaFon  centers  should  receive  more  funding    

Thank  you  so  much!      

Any  QuesFons?