Raman and his legacy by Tathagat Kaundinya

C.V. RAMAN and his legacy……..

By-Tathagat Kaundinya

B.Sc B.Ed(SEM-1st)

HIS EARLY LIFE

•Born on 7th NOV,1888 in Thiruvanaikkaval near Trichinopoly, Tamilnadu.

•MOTHER- (Late) Parvati Ammal

•FATHER- (Late) Chandrasekhara Iyer, was a school teacher.

•Raman’s parents had eight childrens (5 sons and 3 daughter). Raman was their second child.

This is the house where he was born

EARLY EDUCATION

• At early age, Raman moved to the city of Visakhapatnam, and studied in St. Aloysius Anglo-Indian high school.

• Raman passed his matriculation examination at the age of eleven and passed His F.A. examination equivalent to today’s intermediate exam with a scholarship at the age of thirteen.

• In 1902 he joined Presidency College in Madras where his father became a lecturer in mathematics and physics.

Education continues…..

• In 1904 he passed his B.A.(Bachelor of Arts) examination-he stood first and won gold medal in physics.

• When Raman completed his B.A. he was suggested to go to England for his further studies. However ,he was rejected , since Civil Surgeon of Madras did not find him physically fit to go to England.

• In 1907 he gained his M.A.(Master of Arts) degree with the highest distinction .

• After he completed his M.A., he took the Civil Services competitive exam for the Finance Department. Sure enough, he topped the score in that exam.

CAREER

• He went to Calcutta to join the Finance Department there as an Assistant Accountant General. Within a week of his reaching Calcutta, he noticed, while he was on his way to work, a sign board which read "The Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences", and this was to play a major role in his life, and in the very history of scientific culture in our country.

• In 1917,Raman resigned from his government service after was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta.

Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata Founded in 1876,(12 years before Raman was born).

HIS ACHIEVEMENTS

• On his sea voyage to Europe, Raman was struck by the blueness ofthe sea. Many of us believe that the blueness of the sea is due to theblueness of the sky.

Lord Rayleigh himself said "the much admired blueness of the sea... is simply the blue of the sky seen by reflection”

Rayleigh, as many of you would know, is the one who gave the firstcorrect explanation for the sky being blue. .

Professor Raman did a simple experiment on his European voyagewhile on the ship and found that the blueness of the sea was notmerely the blue of the sky seen by reflection, as Lord Rayleigh hadmaintained; rather, the blue of the sea was due to molecularscattering by the waters of the ocean. It was an extra-ordinary sighton the ship to see this turbaned Indian scientist conducting hisexperiments on the ship's deck with a simple polarizing nicol prismon sample's of sea water!

• This was in a sense the beginning of the most outstandingexperiments ever performed in country, and lead to thework which brought the only prize in Physics our countryhas received.

• Returning to India, Raman initiated research on 3 differentlines:

1) The scattering of light by liquids,

2) The scattering of x-rays by liquids,

3) The viscosity of liquids.

• Professor Raman's work on the scattering of light byliquids of course was the one which fetched him, and ourcountry, the Nobel prize in Physics and came to be knownas the RAMAN EFFECT.

HIS ACHIEVEMENTS - Continues

HONOURS AND AWARDS

Raman was Honored with a large number of honorarydoctorates and memberships of scientific societies:-

• he was elected a fellow of the royal society early in hiscareer(1924) and knight bachelor in 1929.

• In 1930 he won the noble Nobel prize in physics.

• In 1930 he won Hughes medal.

• In 1941 he was awarded the Franklin medal.

• In 1954 he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.

• He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957.

India celebrates National science day on 28 February ofevery year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in1928.

POSTHUMOUS RECOGNITION AND CNTEMPORARY REFERENCES:-• On 7 Nov 2013, google doodle honoured C.V. Raman on his 125th

birthday.

• A road in India’s capital (New Delhi) is named c.v. Raman Marg.

• An area in Bangalore near 16th cross road is called C.V. Raman Nagar.

• The road running north of the national seminar complex Bangalore (India) is named C.V. Raman road .

• A building in the Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore) is named “ Raman building”.

Bust of chandrasekhara venkata raman which is placed in the garden of birla industrial & technologcal museum.

DEATH

• At the end of October 1970 he collapsed in his laboratory, the valve of his heart having given way. He was moved to hospital and the doctors gave him four hours to live. He survived and after a few days refused to stay in the hospital as he preferred to stay in the garden of his institute surrounded by flowers.

• Two days before he died, he told one of his former students,“Do not allow the journals of the academy to die, for they are the sensitiveindicators of the quality of science being done in the country and whetherscience is taking root in it or not”.• That same evening ,Raman met with the board of management of his

institute and (from his bed) with them any proceedings with regards to the institute’s management.

• He died from natural causes early next morning on 21 Nov 1970.

His legacy continues….

• A high-impactinternational journaldedicated to RamanSpectrosocpy

• Started in 1973

Raman’s Spectrometer (1928)

Raman Spectrometer (2014)

Raman spectroscopy provides information

about molecular vibrations

Symmetric Stretching Asymmetric Stretching Wagging

Twisting Scissoring Rocking





Energy level diagram for Rayleigh and Raman scattering.



Methyl ester of oleic acid

Raman Spectroscopy as a Chemist’s Tool

Principal method of non-destructive analysis of organic and inorganic compounds(Provides information about what is present and how much is present.)

used to monior manufactuing process in petroleum and pharmaceutical industries.

Illegal drugs can be analyzed without breaking the evidence seal over the

plastic bag

Nuclear waste materials can be analyzed from a safe distance using a fibre optic Raman probe

Laser Raman techniques to record the spectra of transient chemical species with lifetimes as small as 10 –11 seconds.

Raman Spectroscopy in Medical diagnostics

Non-invasive cancer diagnostics

Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic science

Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic science

Raman Spectroscopy for Environmental Remediation

Detection of Arsenic in Ground water: limit of detection = 0.15 ppm

Pattanayak, Swarnkar, Priyam*, Bhalerao, Dalton Transactions, 2014, 43, 11826

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Arsenate on Silver Nano crystals

TEM images of Silver Nanocrystals

Raman Spectroscopy for Environmental Remediation

Satarupa Pattanayak, Abhishek Swarnkar, Amiya Priyam, Gopal M. Bhalerao

PhD Student UG summer internCollaborator from

UGC-DAE CSR, Kalpakkam

Fundamentals Raman Spectroscopy

• When radiation passes through a transparent medium, the species present scatter a fraction of

the beam in all directions.

• In 1928, the Indian physicist C. V. Raman discovered that the visible wavelength of a small

fraction of the radiation scattered by certain molecules differs from that of the incident beam

and furthermore that the shifts in wavelength depend upon the chemical structure of the

molecules responsible for the scattering.

• Raman spectra are acquired by irradiating a sample with a powerful laser source of visible

radiation (λ).

• During irradiation, the spectrum of the scattered radiation (λ1) is measured at some angle (often

900 ) with a suitable spectrometer.

• At the very most, the intensities of Raman lines are 0.001 % of the intensity of the source.

Raman shift -> colloquial use->

wavenumbers: ∆𝜔 =1

λ−

1

λ1

∆𝜔(𝑐𝑚−1) =1

λ (𝑛𝑚)−

1

λ1(𝑛𝑚)×(107 𝑛𝑚)

𝑐𝑚

31

3-features of Raman scattering: 1. Stokes 2. Anti-stokes, and 3. Rayleigh

ZnO fundamentals Group II-VI binary compound semiconductor

3-types of crystal structures: Each anion is surrounded by 4 cations, & vice versa

(1) Rocksalt (2) zinc blende (3) Wurtzite- stable at RT

Zn

O

[1] H. Morkoç et al., Zinc Oxide-Fundamentals, Materials and Device Technology, Wiley-VCH

H. Matsui & H. Tabata

Nanowires book, ISBN

9789537619794

www.intechopen.com

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wurtzite_polyhedra.png

Unique properties : Eg = 3.37 eV at 300 K, high exciton binding energy (60 meV), and large melting point temperature (1975 oC)

Most viable candidate for semiconductor technology

Solar cells, light emitting[UV and visible] and laserdiodes, lasing (UV andblue) media, nanosensors,high-power electronics,and other photonic andoptoelectronic devices….

Thin films, QD, nanoparticles,nanopods (tetra and multi),nanoflowers, and nanorodssynthesizedand studied for theiroptical, physical, and chemicalproperties...

Techniques used - Hydrothermal,

molecular beam epitaxy, sol-gel,

arc-discharge, wet-technique,

microwave, PLD, and CVD

Substrates used - Si/SiO2, glass,sapphire, GaN, Al2O3, and ITO

Several elements (Bi, Cu, P, N, As, Li, Sb, Ag, Fe, Al, Ga, Li, Y etc.) and ions (B+, O+,N+, Al+, P+, Mn+, H+, Ar2+ etc.) have been doped/codoped

𝑪𝟔𝒗𝟒 (P63mc) space group

8 sets of phonon modes at the Γ point of Brillouin zone

Γ = 2 × (A1 + B1 + E1 + E2)

Two Acoustic: Γaco = A1 +E1

Six Optical: Γopt = A1 + (2 × B1) + E1+ (2 × E2)

Γopt are involved in the Raman scatteringB1 modes are both Raman and infrared inactive (silent)

A1 : A1(TO) , A1(LO) ; E1 : E1(TO), E1(LO)

E2 modes: low (E2low) and high (E

2high

)Phonon dispersion curve


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brillouin_zone_in_hexagonal_lattice.png

Symmetry, Group theory, and ZnO


Phonon vibration modes

phys. stat. sol. (c) 1, No. 2, 206–212 (2004) / DOI

10.1002/pssc.200303960


Raman active modes

phys. stat. sol. (c) 1, No. 2, 206–212 (2004) / DOI

10.1002/pssc.200303960


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group;http://chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/6symmetry.pdf

Called a monument to love, the Taj Mahal has also been called "India's

most famous and finest example of architecture. We could call it a

monument to symmetry. From the formal gardens divided into four

sections, to the tomb 900 feet from the entrance, the four minarets

continue this symmetrical theme. The minarets next to the Taj Mahal are

41.1 meters or 137 feet high and are cylindrical columns with beveled

angles. Located at each of the corners of the raised marble plinth the

minarets repeat the right angles that are an obvious part of the Taj

Mahal. The main structure is cubical. The windows have arches which

comes to a point. The windows create arched recesses which are

perfectly arranged on both stories. The central circle at the base arches

upward to create the famous onion dome. The Taj Mahal is a fine

example of geometry. Like all buildings the Taj Mahal is a combination

of planes. The rectangular reflecting pool mirrors the pools in each of

the four gardens and makes your eyes follow alongparallel lines to the

tomb's entrance. The intersecting perpendicular lines continue to

create right angles in each of the four sections which are subdivided into

another four squares. The doorways are rectangular in design with semi-

octagonal angles. The room that the tombs are placed is octagonal. As

you look at the Taj Mahal, there are multiple lines of symmetry. The

entire complex is laid out in quadrilaterals. The total effect combines

to make one of rhythm and harmony.

Google images; http://www.cultural-heritage-india.com/gifs/taj-mahal-in-india.jpg

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

(iv)(iii)

(ii)

(i)

E1(T

O)

(412 c

m-1

)

A1(T

O)

(382 c

m-1

)

2E

low

2 (

201 c

m-1

)

Ehig

h

2-

Elo

w

2(3

32 c

m-1

)

Si substrate (519.45 cm-1

)

Ram

an I

nte

nsi

ty (

a.u

)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Undopeed ZnO nanorods (i)

1 ~ 1.5 * 108 ions/cm2(ii)

2 ~ 5.5 * 108 ions/cm2(iii)

3 ~ 9 * 108 ions/cm2(iv)

Bi74+ on ZnO nanorodsEhigh

2 (437.36 cm

-1)

A1(L

O)

(578 c

m-1

)

Measurements performed by JASCO

confocal micro-Raman spectrometer

in air at RT in the backscattering

geometry - The wavelength and power

of the Nd:YAG laser were 532 nm

(energy = 2.33 eV) and ~ 5 mW,

Diameter of laser spot was ~1 μm with

100× optical lens, Spectral signal was

dispersed by an 1800 grooves/mm

grating onto a CCD detector,

Resolution was 1 cm-1.

Raman spectroscopy of Bi74+ ions implanted ZnO nanorods

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

300

600

900

1200

1500

1800

(iv)(iii)

(ii)

(i)

E1(T

O)

(41

2 c

m-1

)

A1(T

O)

(38

2 c

m-1

)

2E

low

2 (

20

1 c

m-1

)

Ehig

h

2-

Elo

w

2(3

32

cm

-1)

Si substrate (519.45 cm-1

)

Ram

an I

nte

nsi

ty (

a.u

)

Wavenumber (cm-1)

Undopeed ZnO nanorods (i)

1 ~ 1.5 * 108 ions/cm2(ii)

2 ~ 5.5 * 108 ions/cm2(iii)

3 ~ 9 * 108 ions/cm2(iv)

Bi74+ on ZnO nanorodsEhigh

2 (437.36 cm

-1)

A1(L

O)

(57

8 c

m-1

)

The sharp and intense high-frequency (E2high

) at ~

437 cm-1 is the characteristic of hexagonal w-ZnO

band structure.

The asymmetry on the low frequency side could

be attributed to the spatial confinement of optical

phonons

The peak at ~ 519 cm-1 is from Si substrate.

The vibration mode at ~ 332 cm-1 (E2high

− E2low)

is associated with multiple-phonon scattering

processes.

A1 modes are associated with the

structural/intrinsic defects, for instance, zinc

vacancy (VZn) and oxygen vacancy (VO) and

interstitials of zinc and oxygen.

The peaks are also present in all the doped

samples.

Raman spectroscopy of Bi74+ ions implanted ZnO nanorods

www. rri.res.in

Raman Research Institute - Overview

The Raman Research Institute was founded in 1948 by the Indian physicist and Nobel Laureate, Sir

C V Raman, to continue his studies and basic research after he retired from the Indian Institute of

Science. Sir C V Raman served as its director carrying on his personal research until his demise in

1970. It was funded personally by him and with donations from private sources.

History

In December 1934, the Government of Mysore gifted a plot of land in Bangalore to Professor Raman

for the creation of a research institute. In the same year, the Indian Academy of Sciences was

founded by Prof. Raman. Some years following the creation of the Raman Research Institute in

1948, Prof. Raman made a gift of various movable and immovable properties to the Academy for the

use and benefit of the Raman Research Institute. After the Professor's demise in November 1970,

the Academy created a public charitable trust: the Raman Research Institute Trust. The lands,

buildings, deposits, securities, bank deposits, moneys, laboratories, instruments, and all other

movable and immovable properties held by the Academy for the Raman Research Institute were

transferred to the RRI Trust. The foremost function of the RRI Trust was to maintain, conduct and

sustain the Raman Research Institute.

www.rri.res.in

www: http://nanoprobes.aist-nt.com/apps/HOPGinfo.htm, http://www.princeton.edu/~kahnlab/images/HOPG.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graphite-layers-side-3D-balls.png

Simple structure of Graphite (HOPG) and sample preparation

http://nanoprobes.aist-nt.com/apps/HOPGinfo.htm

http://www.princeton.edu/~kahnlab/images/HOPG.html

45

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 35000

1000

2000

3000

4000

D peak

~ 1350 cm-1

G peak = E2g peak (~ 1580 cm-1)

2D or G' peak ~ 2721 cm-1

Inte

snit

y

Raman shift (cm-1)

Virgin HOPG

Raman spectrum of Graphite

The unirradiated and

irradiated samples

were analyzed by

JASCO Raman

spectrometer in air.

I. Laser -> (λ) 532 nm

(energy = 2.33 eV)

and power -> 5 mW

II. Spot -> 1 μm with

100× optical lens

III. Resolution of

instrument -> 1 cm-1

Future Plans

B.Sc.B.Ed. IVth Semester Physics Presentations (January-June 2015)

1. H.J. Bhabha –

2. Ramanujan –

3. S.N. Bose –

4. Maxwell –

(Speakers will be selected)

Vedic maths:

1-7 have been allotted.

Applications are invited for the remaining ones

B.Sc.B.Ed. IInd Semester Physics Presentations (January-June 2015)

Topics will be decided soon

Thank you