(castrating) Male neutering, otherwise known as sterilisation, "fixing", desexing or by its correct veterinary name: orchiectomy (also termed gonadectomy), is the surgical removal of testicles for the purposes of population control, medical health benefit, genetic-disease control and behavioural modification.

Neutering pros and cons in dogs:-

The benefits of neutering

The prevention of unwanted litters. The reduction of stray and feral animal populations. To reduce the spread of inferior genetic traits, genetic diseases and congenital

deformities. The prevention or reduction of testicular (and epididymal) diseases. The prevention or reduction of testosterone-induced diseases. The prevention or reduction of testosterone-mediated behavioural problems.

The disadvantages of desexing The dog may become overweight or obese Desexing equates to a loss of breeding potential and valuable genetics Loss of testosterone as a result of desexing may result in immature development of

masculine characteristics and a reduced body musculature Loss of testosterone as a result of desexing may result in delayed growth plate

closure Neutering reduces the male animal's drive to herd, hunt, guard and work As an elective procedure, desexing costs too much

Information about neutering age of dog for elective procedure it can be done any time between 5 to 16 months. In

America some are being done at 8 weeks and they routinely neuter at between four and six months. for any pathological problem it can be at any time when dog is anesthetically safe.

Cat:-

The benefits of neutering in cat

Roaming: More than 90% will reduce this behavior with neutering. Approximately 60% reduce this behavior right away

Fighting: More than 90% will reduce this behavior with neutering Approximately 60% reduce this behavior right away

Urine marking: More than 90% will reduce this behavior with neutering. Approximately 80% reduce this behavior right away.

Another reason to neuter a male cat has to do with the physical appearance. Cats neutered prior to puberty (most cats are neutered at approximately age 6 months) do not develop secondary sex characteristics. These include a more muscular body, thickenings around the face called shields, and spines on the penis.

Castration

Male cat neutered prior to puberty

Male cat neutered after reaching puberty

The tunica vaginalis is incised and the testicle exposed.

After the dog is under anesthesia, the vet techs or veterinarian shave the surgical area

and

scrub using a skin cleanser. The scrubbing is done in a circular motion, starting small

at the

incision area, and widening out with each circular stroke. This ensures that the incision

area is

As mentioned in the previous photo, the incision is made in the skin, just in front of the scrotum. Each testicle is pushed up and through this incision.

Neutering procedure (desexing surgery) - a step by step pictorial guide to canine neutering.

The surgeon has clamped the vas deferens (spermatic cord), pampiniform plexus

(vessels around the vas deferens), cremaster muscle, and arterial supply.

A dissolvable suture, usually a synthetic monofilament, is used for the internal

ligations (knots) around the vessels, vas deferens and thin cremaster muscle.

There is always some danger that the vessels may slip

out of a knot. Transfixing ligatures help to ensure

things stay where they should and no bleeding occurs.

A needle is used to thread the suture gently between

the vas deferens and vessels. The suture is then

wrapped around everything to secure the knot. This is

called a transfixing ligature or suture , and helps keep

the knot in place to prevent bleeding or seepage from

the vessels.

The skin is closed using the same dissolvable suture that was used to ligate the testicles.

The incision is usually very small and the closure is in two or three steps. The first

closure brings the skin edges together, and the second layer closes the

subcutaneous level. This way, there aren't any sutures visible (or lickable) on the

outside skin surface. Some vets use surgical glue for a third level of closure.

Some veterinarians use non-dissolvable sutures that will need to be removed in 10-

14 days. In cases of a very active dog or one known to lick, sometimes wire sutures

The incision is small and will heal nicely. Dogs must be kept quiet and discouraged from licking the surgical area for fastest healing.

The kitten's scrotal sac and groin regions are shaved free of hair (fur) and the bare skin is scrubbed in an antiseptic, antibacterial solution (chlorhexidine scrub and alcohol) prior to surgery. This pre-surgical skin preparation reduces the amount of bacterial contamination that is present on the skin prior to the first incision being made.

Scalpel incisions are made in the scrotal skin directly over each testicle. Bleeding is very minimal.

Neutering procedure (desexing surgery) - a step by step pictorial guide to feline neutering.

After the skin has been incised with the scalpel, each side of the scrotal sac is squeezed so that the testicle (the pink ball seen in the images above) contained inside pops out, ready for removal.

The vas deferens (also called the spermatic duct or deferent duct) and epididymal structuresare separated away from the testis and testicular blood supply. This creates two separate "strings"which can be tied around each other: as indicated in the next step.

The testicular blood vessels and spermatic cords are knotted tightly around each other repeatedly in order to occlude (block) the blood vessels supplying the feline testicles. This prevents the animal's testicular blood vessels from bleeding once the testicle is cut off. It also prevents the veterinarian from having to place any sutures.

The subcutaneous fat layers and skin are not sutured closed (stitched shut).

The surgeon cuts off the testicle (testis and epididymus) above the level of the knotsand discards it. The first testicle has been removed.

Neutering after-care - what you need to know about caring for your pet after neutering surgery.

1) Feeding your cat immediately after feline neutering surgery.2) Exercising your cat after neutering.3) Wound care after feline neutering surgery.

Check the scrotum daily. Do not let your pet lick its neutering wounds.

4) Bathing or washing your cat after cat neutering.5) Pain relief after neutering.

Possible surgical and post-surgical complications of neutering.

1) Pain after surgery (common).2) Swollen, bruised, blood-filled scrotum after desexing (common).3) Desexing wound infections (not very common at male feline

neutering sites).4) Penis and/or urethra laceration (very rare).5) Excessive wound hemorrhage - excessive bleeding during or after

cat neuter surgery (rare).6) Failure to ligate (tie off) the testicular blood vessels adequately

(uncommon).

Late onset complications of neutering.1) Weight gain.2) Preputial scalding and infection - a potential

complication of early age desexing (formation of urine pool).

submitted by:-

Rajeev Kumar Mishra

L2010V85B

submitted to :-

DR. Rahul Assistant Professor Department of Surgery & Radiology