PolyPhenylenPolyPhenylene e

Sulfide(PPS)Sulfide(PPS)

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oVeRVieWoVeRVieW PPS intRoduCtion

PRePARAtion

PRoPeRtieS

APPliCAtionS

CoMPoSiteS of PPS

intRoduCtionintRoduCtion

PPS is an engineering plasticPPS is an engineering plasticIt is a semicrystalline materialIt is a semicrystalline materialIt is a thermoplastic polymer with very high viscosityIt is a thermoplastic polymer with very high viscosityThe first commercial grades of PPS were introduced The first commercial grades of PPS were introduced

by Philips petroleum in 1968 in the trade name Rytonby Philips petroleum in 1968 in the trade name RytonInjection molding is the most common and significant Injection molding is the most common and significant

method of fabrication of PPSmethod of fabrication of PPS

PRePARAtionPRePARAtion

The starting materials are p-dichlorobenzene, sodium The starting materials are p-dichlorobenzene, sodium sulfide and a polar organic substancesulfide and a polar organic substance

PPS is available as a cross-linked thermoset and as a PPS is available as a cross-linked thermoset and as a thermoplastic. The thermoplastic PPS is more thermoplastic. The thermoplastic PPS is more importantimportant

PRoCeSS PRoCeSS deSCRiPtiondeSCRiPtionAn autoclave having a capacity of 100 L was charged with 9.1 kg An autoclave having a capacity of 100 L was charged with 9.1 kg

(0.07 kg-mole) of flaky sodium sulfide hydrate (Na(0.07 kg-mole) of flaky sodium sulfide hydrate (Na 22  S  S content=60%), and 0.18 kg of 48% aqueous sodium hydroxide content=60%), and 0.18 kg of 48% aqueous sodium hydroxide and 21 kg of NMP(N-methyl pyrrolidine) were added.and 21 kg of NMP(N-methyl pyrrolidine) were added.

The temperature was elevated and dehydration was carried The temperature was elevated and dehydration was carried out under circulation of nitrogen gasout under circulation of nitrogen gas

When the temperature of the reaction mixture became 210° C. When the temperature of the reaction mixture became 210° C. and the distilled amount of hydrous NMP reached 7.8 kg (3.6 kg and the distilled amount of hydrous NMP reached 7.8 kg (3.6 kg of which was water), the dehydration was stopped and the of which was water), the dehydration was stopped and the mixture was cooled to 170° Cmixture was cooled to 170° C

Then, 10.29 kg (0.07 kg-mole) of p-dichlorobenzene, 12.7 g Then, 10.29 kg (0.07 kg-mole) of p-dichlorobenzene, 12.7 g (0.07 mole) of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 3.5 kg of NMP were (0.07 mole) of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 3.5 kg of NMP were added to the mixture, and reaction was carried out under a added to the mixture, and reaction was carried out under a nitrogen gas pressure of 3.0×10nitrogen gas pressure of 3.0×1055  Pa at 220° C. for 2 hours and  Pa at 220° C. for 2 hours and at 260° C. for 3 hoursat 260° C. for 3 hours

Then, the reaction mixture was cooled to 190° CThen, the reaction mixture was cooled to 190° C The remaining pressure was released and 43.5 kg of NMP The remaining pressure was released and 43.5 kg of NMP

heated at 150° C. was added to the reaction mixture for dilutionheated at 150° C. was added to the reaction mixture for dilution Then, the diluted mixture was transferred to a compression Then, the diluted mixture was transferred to a compression

filter and compression filtration was carried out at a filter and compression filtration was carried out at a temperature maintained at 150° C by using nitrogen gastemperature maintained at 150° C by using nitrogen gas

GENERAL GENERAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIESDensity Density 1.67g/cm1.67g/cm22

Melting point Melting point 285285 ° C ° C

Impact strength(charpy) Impact strength(charpy) 12.8kJ/m12.8kJ/m22

Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity 0.25W/mK0.25W/mK

Dissipation factor Dissipation factor 0.00140.0014

Power factor Power factor 0.00140.0014

MECHANICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIESThe impact strength of PPS moldings depends on the The impact strength of PPS moldings depends on the

production process and annealingproduction process and annealingConditioned moldings exhibit lower impact strength Conditioned moldings exhibit lower impact strength

than untreated moldingsthan untreated moldingsThe notched impact strength increases above the The notched impact strength increases above the

glass transition temperature but reaches a maximum glass transition temperature but reaches a maximum at 170at 170° C and decreases with increasing degree of ° C and decreases with increasing degree of crystallinitycrystallinity

The impact and notched strength are increased by The impact and notched strength are increased by reinforcing with glass fibrereinforcing with glass fibre

THERMAL PROPERTIESTHERMAL PROPERTIESThermogravimetric analysis of the filled PPS in Thermogravimetric analysis of the filled PPS in

nitrogen indicates non appreciable weight loss below nitrogen indicates non appreciable weight loss below 500500 ° C ° C

The coefficient of linear expansion is comparable to The coefficient of linear expansion is comparable to that of aluminiumthat of aluminium

The water absorption of PPS is lowThe water absorption of PPS is lowThe favourable results of heat ageing led to UL long-The favourable results of heat ageing led to UL long-

term temperature indices ofterm temperature indices of170 ° C for 40% w/w glass reinforced PPS170 ° C for 40% w/w glass reinforced PPS200 ° C for 40% w/w glass ang mineral filled PPS200 ° C for 40% w/w glass ang mineral filled PPS

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIESPROPERTIES

PPS has excellent chemical resistancePPS has excellent chemical resistanceIt have no known solvent below 200It have no known solvent below 200 ° C ° C It is inert to steam, strong bases, fuels and acidsIt is inert to steam, strong bases, fuels and acidsAt room temperature PPS is resistant to dilute mineral At room temperature PPS is resistant to dilute mineral

acids, alkaline solutions, ketones, alcohols, oils, fats, acids, alkaline solutions, ketones, alcohols, oils, fats, chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic chlorinated hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, water and hydrolysishydrocarbons, water and hydrolysis

It is not resistant to chlorosulfonic acidIt is not resistant to chlorosulfonic acid

STRESS CRACKINGSTRESS CRACKINGStress cracking does not occur if trichloro- or Stress cracking does not occur if trichloro- or

perchloro-ethylene are used for degreasingperchloro-ethylene are used for degreasingAt temperatures of 70At temperatures of 70 ° C to 120 ° C , no deposits ° C to 120 ° C , no deposits

causing deterioration of the contact surface occurcausing deterioration of the contact surface occur

WEATHERING RESISTANCEWEATHERING RESISTANCEPPS have good weathering resistancePPS have good weathering resistanceEven at high temperatures ozone has little effect on Even at high temperatures ozone has little effect on

PPSPPS

RESISTANCE TO HIGH ENERGY RADIATIONRESISTANCE TO HIGH ENERGY RADIATION TT he mechanical properties of 40% w/w glass reinforced PPS are he mechanical properties of 40% w/w glass reinforced PPS are

unaffected by exposure to neutron irradiationunaffected by exposure to neutron irradiation PPS has moderate stability to UV radiation without stabilization and PPS has moderate stability to UV radiation without stabilization and

improved stability when stabilizedimproved stability when stabilized

FlAmmAbIlITYFlAmmAbIlITY PPS exhibits excellent fire retardancy when tested according to PPS exhibits excellent fire retardancy when tested according to

ASTM D-635 ASTM D-635

PROCESSINGPROCESSING PPS is injection and compression molded PPS is injection and compression molded Non-stick coatings are applied to metal parts by fluidized bed dipping Non-stick coatings are applied to metal parts by fluidized bed dipping Mold cavities should be well ventilated Mold cavities should be well ventilated

APPlICATIONSAPPlICATIONSAutomotive (under hood)Automotive (under hood)

Electrical (lamp sockets, fuse holders)Electrical (lamp sockets, fuse holders)

Semi-conductor manufacturingSemi-conductor manufacturing

Oil and gas (valves, seals, pump housing)Oil and gas (valves, seals, pump housing)

Pump housingsPump housings

High pressure liquid chromatography componentsHigh pressure liquid chromatography components

Aerospace componentsAerospace components

Lamp holder by Kania Lichtsysteme for Lamp holder by Kania Lichtsysteme for high intensityhigh intensitylights. Fortron® PPS thermoplastic lights. Fortron® PPS thermoplastic maintainsmaintainsstructural integrity over a wide range of structural integrity over a wide range of ambientambienttemperatures and conditionstemperatures and conditions

Fortron® PPS fuel rail for Fortron® PPS fuel rail for DaimlerChrysler 2.7 literDaimlerChrysler 2.7 literV-6 engines used in U.S. vehiclesV-6 engines used in U.S. vehicles

Automotive thermostat housing molded from Ticona’sAutomotive thermostat housing molded from Ticona’sFortron® PPSFortron® PPS

TRADE NAmES OF PPSTRADE NAmES OF PPS

COmPOSITES OF PPSCOmPOSITES OF PPS Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites reinforced with recycled carbon Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites reinforced with recycled carbon

fiberfiber Recycled carbon fibers were reclaimed by commercial scale pyrolysis Recycled carbon fibers were reclaimed by commercial scale pyrolysis

from carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composite waste generated by from carbon fiber reinforced thermoset composite waste generated by the aerospace industrythe aerospace industry

 The mechanical and physical properties of the reclaimed carbon fibers The mechanical and physical properties of the reclaimed carbon fibers were shown to be comparable to those of aerospace grade virgin carbon were shown to be comparable to those of aerospace grade virgin carbon fibersfibers

 The recycled carbon fibers were integrated into a polyphenylene sulfide The recycled carbon fibers were integrated into a polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) thermoplastic resin by twin screw compounding followed by (PPS) thermoplastic resin by twin screw compounding followed by injection moldinginjection molding

The recycled carbon fiber reinforced PPS composites exhibited The recycled carbon fiber reinforced PPS composites exhibited comparable mechanical properties to equivalent compounds produced comparable mechanical properties to equivalent compounds produced using industrial grades of short virgin carbon fiberusing industrial grades of short virgin carbon fiber

Polyphenylene sulfide-40% glass reinforcedPolyphenylene sulfide-40% glass reinforced The 40% glass fiber reinforced grade has a good balance of strength, The 40% glass fiber reinforced grade has a good balance of strength,

stiffness and has good dimensional stability but is rather notch-sensitivestiffness and has good dimensional stability but is rather notch-sensitive It is used for precision mechanical parts, electrical components and It is used for precision mechanical parts, electrical components and

pumps, valves etc, for use in aggressive environments in process pumps, valves etc, for use in aggressive environments in process industryindustry

Its natural colour varies from cream to brown and it is often coloured Its natural colour varies from cream to brown and it is often coloured blackblack

Polyphenylene sulfide reinforced with aramid fibersPolyphenylene sulfide reinforced with aramid fibers Wear data show that aramid fibers can upgrade PPS to a super wear Wear data show that aramid fibers can upgrade PPS to a super wear

resistant materialresistant material The wear rate for PPS/aramid is in the range of that of nylon66/aramidThe wear rate for PPS/aramid is in the range of that of nylon66/aramid

Volcanic ash as a filler in polyphenylene sulfide Volcanic ash as a filler in polyphenylene sulfide compositescomposites

It is a common practice to use particle materials as fillers to improve It is a common practice to use particle materials as fillers to improve engineering properties of polymer composites and to lower the cost of engineering properties of polymer composites and to lower the cost of final productsfinal products

There is an obvious cost advantage of compounding volcanic ash (VA) in There is an obvious cost advantage of compounding volcanic ash (VA) in polymers, either to replace traditional fillerspolymers, either to replace traditional fillers

Composite samples containing VA particles at various concentrations (0, Composite samples containing VA particles at various concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were manufactured by twin screw extruder and 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were manufactured by twin screw extruder and injection molding machineinjection molding machine

The thermal, mechanical, and residual mechanical properties of the PPS The thermal, mechanical, and residual mechanical properties of the PPS composite were significantly improved by adding VA, although erosion composite were significantly improved by adding VA, although erosion resistance was decreased markedlyresistance was decreased markedly

Airbus A340-500 and -600 planes use Ticona’s Fortron® PPS Airbus A340-500 and -600 planes use Ticona’s Fortron® PPS thermoplastic composites in wing and otherthermoplastic composites in wing and otherstructural parts, replacing aluminum to decrease weight, structural parts, replacing aluminum to decrease weight, improve impact resistance and ease fabricationimprove impact resistance and ease fabrication