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Therese McBeath |Rick Llewellyn| Vadakattu Gupta | Bill Davoren | Willie Shoobridge|Stasia Kroker | Michael Moodie
Managing for increased crop production on sands
1. Low water holding capacity
2. Subsoil constraints / hard pans
3. Prone to water repellence
4. Poor establishment
5. Poor fertility/ low N supply / low organic matter
6. Low biological activity - root disease/herbicide
residues
7. Brome grass
Sandy soil constraints
Long-term performance of N strategies on sands (Karoonda est. 2009)
Long-term performance of N strategies on sands
Soil Nil 9 N 40 N Sowing 40 N split LSD
Heavy (2) 18.0 17.4 18.8 18.1 3.0
Mid (5) 12.9 14.6 19.6 18.9 2.3
Deep sand (8) 8.0 8.3 13.4 12.6 3.3
• 30% more grain using 40N Vs 9N on mid slope sands (5 t/ha) • 60% more grain using 40N instead of 9N on deep sands (5 t/ha) • 10N+30N split was not better than 40N at seeding on sand • No significant N response on heavy flat after 7 yrs
Karoonda cumulative wheat yields (t/ha) 2009-2015
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
$3,500
$4,000
$4,500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cu
mm
ula
tive
GM
(20
09
-15)
$/h
a
district practice
Nil Fert
High N Upfront
High N topdressed
Position 1= swale, 9 = Dune (6 = crest)
Long-term performance of N strategies on sands
Heavy -$200
Mid +$1400
Deep sand +$1100
What does on/near-row sowing offer on sands?
Photo: Margaret Roper WA
Water follows in-tact roots of prior
crop rows
On-row vs. inter-
row
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
On-row Inter-row On-row Inter-row
20
15
Est
ablis
hm
en
t (p
lan
ts/m
2)
a
b
b
a
Better crop establishment under marginal sowing
conditions
Karoonda
Non-Wetting
Loxton
Wetting
Knife points P=0.05
Up to 4 times more top soil moisture at seeding with on-row seeding
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
on-row inter-row on-row inter-row
Su
rfa
ce S
oil
Wa
ter
at
So
win
g (
mm
/to
p 1
0cm
)
a
b
cc
April Sowing May Sowing
Karoonda Sand 2015 (0-10 cm soil water)
P=0.05
Increased weed suppression by on-row crops
Brome plants/
m2
Brome seeds/m2
On-row 28 2022
Inter-row 105 7332
Inter-row vs on-row
≈70% less seed set in 2015
and 80% less in 2014
P=0.05
Pre-emergence herbicide options for brome on sand
Results 2013-14: Can achieve 75%+
brome plant control using pre-ems other
than trifluralin but variable
Pre-emergence herbicide options for brome on sand (Karoonda 2015)
1. Trifluralin (control) (1.5 L/ha); 2. Trifluralin + Metribuzin (1.5 L/ha + 150 g/ha); 3. Trifluralin + Metribuzin + post emergence Avadex Xtra (1.5 L/ha + 150 g/ha + 2.0 L/ha); 4. Trifluralin + Avadex Xtra (1.5 L/ha + 2.0 L/ha); 5. Sakura (118 g/ha); 6. Sakura + Avadex Xtra (118 g/ha + 3.2 L/ha); 7. Sakura + Metribuzin (118 g/ha + 150 g/ha). with Uni of Adelaide (Kleeman, Preston, Gill)
• Sakura alone resulted in 55% less brome panicles than
trifluralin alone
• Sakura + Avadex resulted in 72% less brome panicles
than trifluralin alone ($$)
Interrow sowing is used to decrease disease risk...
Crown rot (fusarium) and Take all infection weren’t found
But, there was less rhizoctonia infection with on-row seeding
DNA Test Rating
Karoonda Early Sow
Karoonda Late Sow
Loxton Early Sow
Loxton Late Sow
On -row Medium Medium Medium High
Inter-row Low Medium Medium Low
P=0.05
• Similar levels of N available at sowing at Karoonda on row Vs inter-row, but can be some early tie up (e.g. Loxton)
• Greater N availability later in season on row
Karoonda
Non-Wetting
Loxton
Wetting
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
On-row Early Inter-row Early On-row Late Inter-row LateA
nth
esi
s W
he
at N
up
take
(kg
/ha)
a
a
bb
Some early tie-up but on-row N uptake higher by anthesis.....
Increased yield for non-wetting sand but not other soils
• 0.3 t/ha more yield on-row at Karoonda on sand but not on the
swale or Loxton wetting sand
14 |
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
On-row Inter-row On-row Inter-row
Gra
in Y
ield
(t/
ha)
a
b
P=0.1
Nutrition: Right rate, place, time and form
N Zn S
Rate 0 vs 20 vs 40 0 vs 1 vs 4 0 vs 4 vs 20
Time Upfront vs. tillering vs. first node
Upfront vs. 3 leaf vs tillering
Upfront vs. tillering
Form Urea vs. SOA enriched granule, granule blend and foliar
Gypsum vs. SOA
Rate= 40 N Urea Time= upfront/early led to best yield Place= Zn enriched Urea below seed to be followed up Form= Urea, Zn enriched granule, S not significant
Treatment Grain Yield
(t/ha)
Protein
(%)
Control (P only) 0.96 9.5
20N Urea @sow 1.41 9.1
40N Urea at sow 1.66 10.2
20N Zn enriched Urea @sow 1.53 9.1
20N Urea @sow + 20N Urea@GS31 1.56 10.4
Nutrition: Right rate, place, time and form
P=0.05
Summary
• Early vigour critical to performance on sands – establishment, N supply, weed and disease competition
• Higher N early has led to gains over 7 years with need for sand-specific management
• Using last year’s crop row on non-wetting sand is showing promise
• Continue to explore the best nutrition package
• Pre-emergence herbicides (not trif) can greatly reduce brome seed set with crop competition
• New work focused on improving water use efficiency on sands to begin in 2016
|
Thank you Acknowledgments
Landholders- The Loller Family and
Bulla Burra
Advice- Agrilink and Dodgshun
Medlin
Technical- Anthony Whitbread,
Damian Mowat, Paul Adkins, Marcus
Hicks, Maxime Salot
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