SCIENCE

PROJECT

MADE BY :-

SHREYA MISHRA

IX - A

IMPROVEMENTIN

FOOD RESOURCES

All living organisms need food . Food is the basic source of

energy. Food Supplies proteins ,

carbohydrates ,fats , vitamins and minerals, all of which we

require for body development , growth and health . Both plants and

animals are major sources of food for us . We obtain most of this food from agriculture

and animal husbandry.

FOOD

FOOD

FOOD

RESOURCES

PLANTS

PLANTS

CROP PRODUCTIONDifferent types of crops may be grouped as food crops, fodder crops, fiber crops, or timber

crops. Food crops like cereals , pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and

fruits provide nutrients. Nutrients are substances that living beings

need to carry out their life activities . The nutrients found in

crops are carbohydrates, proteins , fats, vitamins and

minerals.

PLANTS

Cereals crops are those food crops that give food grains which can be eaten or used to make flour ,e. g, wheet, rice,

maize, millet, etc . Pulses are seeds of crops that can be eaten ,e. g, peas,

grams, lentils, etc. the seeds of some plants (oilseed crops ) are used to

make oils for cooking. All these types of crops contain different nutrients.

Plants also give us timber, fibre ,spices, medicine, tobacco ,sugar

and beverages like tea and coffee .Crops like sudan grass , oats

and fodder crops grown mainly as food for animals. Thus, humans and animals

almost completely depend on plants for food and many other needs.

PLANTS

CROP SEASONSCrops require suitable climatic

conditions, optimum temperature ranges and particular durations of

daylight for their proper growth and flowering . Plant growth and flowering depends on different plant hormones which control various functions . The photoperiod available to the plants

regulates the synthesis of these hormones. Depending on the seasonal

conditions and the time of growth there are three main cropseasons in

India – kharif , rabi and summer crops.

IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YEILD

PLANTS

The yeild from crops can be improved by adopting some scientific approaches. These approaches which enhance

the crop yeild are as following :-

1.Management of crop production

2.Crop improvement through genetic manipulation

3.Management of crop protection

PLANTS

MANAGEMENT OF CROP PRODUCTION

Managing crop production requires askilful dealing with all aspects of crop

production in a successful way. Measures have to be taken for

increasing crop yeild . For, example, measures are taken to provide manure

and fertilisers, proper irrigation , better farming methods and modern farming implements to the farmers.

Indian farmers are grouped as small , marginal or progressive based on the amount of land and money they have .

A direct relationship has been established between the measures

taken and the crop yeild .

PLANTS

MANURE AND FERTILISERSThe fertility of the soil can

be increased by adding manure and fertilisers. If

crops are grown repeatedly on a piece of land , the

nutrients of the soil,e.g, nitrogen ,

phosphorus ,potassium,etc.,are added to the soil to make up for the loss of

these elements.

It is organic matter obtained from the decomposition of animal wastes, dead

plants and animals by the action of decomposers like bacteria and fungi . Manure contains a mixture of various nutrients suitable for plant growth. It restores soil texture which increases

the retention of water and aeration . It increases the ability to retain water in

sandy soil. It improves drainage and prevents water logging in clayey soil.

Although manure is rich in organic matter, it is not very rich in nutrients

like nitrogen , phosphorus ,and potassium.

PLANTS

Manure

Types of manure

PLANTS

Since biological waste material used in preparation of the manure

,it protects our environment by recycling wastes. On the basis of

the biological materials used , manure s are of different types:-

1. Farmyard manure2. Compost

3. Vermicompost4. Green compost

They are inorganic chemicals manufactured in industries. They contain essential plant nutrients like nitrogen , phosphorus and potassium (NPK). They are prepared in a

concentrated form , so it is easy to transport them. Fertilisers are available in the form of granules, water-soluble powders or solutions.

As chemical fertilisers are nutrient specific ,they are applied in accordance with crop requirements. Many kind of fertilisers are available in the market . The three main

types of fertilisers are : NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS, PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS and POTASSIUM FERTILISERS. Fertilisers have to be selected according to the type of crop and

the kind of soil.

PLANTS

Fertilisers

IRRIGATIONWater is the most vital natural

resource. It is precious biological and economically. Man depends on water for the production of food, disposal of

domestic and industrial wastes, generation of energy , transportation , industrial production and recreation .

For mast human needs including agriculture , water must be fresh , not salty. Since water resources are being

increasingly overexploited due to urbanisation , industrialiasation and

increasing population , the management and proper utilisation of

this resource has become a challenging problem.

PLANTS

INTERCROPPINGIntercropping is just a modification of mixed cropping . In mixed cropping ,

different types of crops are not planted in any definite pattern. In intercropping

one row of a cereal crop may be followed by one or two rows of a leguminous crop, and so on. As

intercropping is more systematic ,it makes better use of land than mixed cropping. Mixed cropping , has been traditionally practised to reduce the

risk of crop failure. Intercropping does the same. But it also aims to increase

productivity.

PLANTS

CROP ROTATIONCrop rotation is the practice of growing

different crops in succession in the same field or soil. The basic aim is to

increase productivity , but it also helps to maintain the fertility and moisture

content of the soil. For e.g:- if paddy is grown repeatedly in a field, the

nitrogenous content of the soil will be reduced considerably. This will reduce the crop yeild . In another condition , if

paddy is grown alternately after any legume crop, the yield of paddy will be more because the legume crops would have added nitrogenous compounds to

the soil.

PLANTS

PLANTS

CROP IMPROVEMENT THROUGH GENETIC

MANIPULATION New and useful plants are discovered everyday. Some varieties of a plant

possess different useful characters. If all these characters were present in a

single individual it would greatly increase the value of this plant. There

are methods which can bring these characters together into one plant and then multiply such an individual to the extent that it is easily available for the common use of farmers. Such methods are collectively called methods of crop

improvement.

Methods of crop improvement

PLANTS

A character , or trait, is a distinctive inherited feature of an organism. A

character may be an external , internal or a behavioral features of an organism

.The incorporation of desirable characters can be brought about by various scientific techniques such as mutation , hybridization, polyploidy

and recombinant DNA technology. All these techniques help in genetic

manipulation . MUTATION occurs when a gene goes through a structural change, which may give rise to an

offspring having a characteristic not possessed by either parent.

POLYPLOIDY is caused due to a change in the chromosome number.

This happens due to the reshuffling of genes. In RECOMBINANT DNA

TECHNOLOGY, desired DNA isolated from one organism and inserted into

the DNA molecule of another organism. VARIATION means difference between individuals of the same species. The

natural process of variation to produce varities of crops to suit our needs. The

basic idea is to choose or select two varities of crops, each of twhich has at to produce a hybrid variety which has

the good qualities of both varities . This process of cross-breeding

between genetically dissimilar is called HYBRIDISATION.

PLANTS

MANAGEMENT OF CROP PROTECTIONCrop field may have a large number of undesirable plants , insect pests and

diseases. they can damage the crops if not controlled in time . Various

methods are used to control weeds, pests and diseases.Control of weeds

Many undesirable plants grow along with cultivated crops. These unwanted plants are called weeds. The growth of

weeds in the field is very harmful as they compete with the useful plants for minerals , water ,light and space. They thus decrease the crop yield and lower

the quality of food grain.

PLANTS

Methods of weed control

The process of removing weeds from a crop field is called weeding.

Mechanical, biological and chemical means are adopted to control weeds.

MECHANICAL METHOD weeds are removed manually by hand or with the

hrlp of harrow ,hoe or rake.BIOLOGICA METHOD in this

method ,weeds are removed by the help of a natural enemy of that weed.CHEMICAL CONTROL chemicals used to kill weeds are called weedicides . The use of weedicides is easy ,cheap and

less time consuming.

PLANTS

FOOD

RESOURCES

ANIMALS

ANIMALS

ANIMAL HUSBANDRYThe branch of agriculture which deals with the breeding ,feeding and care of

domestic animals is called animal husbandry. The study of animal

husbandry is essential to achieve the desired results in the following areas.

1. MILK PRODUCTION in spite of having a large number of milk animals, milk

production in our country is not satisfactory. It is necessary to study animal husbandry for breeding high-milk-yielding varieties of cattle and

also for looking after them. 2. FISH PRODUCTION there is a lot of

potential for increasing the production of freshwater and marine

fish.

3. MEAT PRODUCTION the study of animal husbandry is essential for

breeding high-meat-yielding and fast-growing varieties of sheep, goat, pig and chicken to meet the increasing

demand for food.4.EGG PRODUCTION the study of

animal husbandry helps in breeding high-egg-yielding varieties of poultry. There is great scope for increasing the

production of eggs in our country.5.PROPER UTILISATION OF ANIMAL

HUSBANDRY in our country cattle dung is used as fuel by burning in the form of dung cakes . Animal wastes can be

used to generate biogas. They can also be used as manure.

ANIMALS

CATTLE FARMING

Cattle farming is an old practice in India where cattle are raised for providing (a) milk, (b) meat,

(c) skin (leather) and (d) for making them work. Some animals give us milk and can work. Milk

producers include buffaloes, cows, camel and goats. Working

animals include buffalo and bullocks. Bullocks help in tilling,

threshing, irrigating, carting etc.

ANIMALS

FEEDThe food consumed by animals is

called feed. Cattle feed must be rich in all required nutrients. It should be

given according to the age, nature of work and health of the animals. For e.g., a growing calf needs more food than an old cow. Animals require food

to maintain good health, and to produce enough milk. The feed given

to cattle should carbohydrate, minerals, fats, proteins, minerals and

vitamins. It should also have water and roughage. Cattle feed can be grouped

into two types of substances : (i) roughage and (ii) concentrates.

ANIMALS

BREEDINGA major reason for poor production from livestock in our country is the

poor genetic material of the majority of the livestock . It is true that the yield

from the animals can be greatly increased by giving them proper food and care, but the development of new

and better varieties is equally important. A breed can be defined as a

group of animals of common origin within a species that has certain

distinguish characteristics not found in other members of the same species.

Breeding between two superior breeds in terms of milk-yield and resistance to disease helps in improving livestock.

ANIMALS

POULTRY FARMINGThe term poultry comes from the

term ‘poult’ , which means chicken. A young domestic fowl is

called chicken. Poultry farming includes the rearing of duck,

turkey, guinea fowl , and pigeon. Poultry farming is very common

as poultry serves as a staple food and rich source of protein. India is the 5th largest poultry after China,

Russia, USA and Japan. Poultry farming is done to get chicken,

meat and eggs.

ANIMALS

Eggs and brolier production

Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin-rich supplementary feed for good growth rate and better feed efficiency. Care is taken to avoid

mortality and to maintain feathering and carcass quality. They are produced as broiler and sent to market for meat purposes. For

good production of poultry birds, good management practices are important . These

include maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in housing and poultry feed, as well as prevention and control of

diseases and pests. The housing , nutritional and environmental requirements of broilers are some what different from those a egg layers . The rotation for broilers is protein

rich with adequate fat. The level of vitamin A and K is kept high in the poultry feeds.

ANIMALS

FISH PRODUCTIONIn fish production true fish and shell

fish are captures or cultured. True fish belong to the phylum Chordata , class

Pisces. Fish production in IndiaIndia has a long coastline, many river

basins and inland water covering areas, therefore, there is great

potential of inland , freshwater and marine fisheries in India. The total fish

production in India ranks 7th in the world. Marine fishers of India rank 10th

in the world. Fish produced in India fetches about Rs 4,000 corers annually

in foreign currency.

ANIMALS

INLAND FISHERIESInland fishers refers to the

conversation and utilisation of fishes in the inland water bodies

such as ponds, flooded plains, wetlands, rivers, canals, estuarine

bodies etc. To optimize fish production from inland water

bodies, it is important to develop composite fish culture.

A combination of six species is used in this culture system. Fish production can also be increased by production riverine fish seeds.

ANIMALS

The management of water reservoirs used as fish farms

help to increase fish production.

Monitoring the environment and maintaining fish health

also comes under the study of inland fisheries. To achieve this goal, it is important to investigate the causes and

effects and find out remedies for the degradation and

pollution of the inland water bodies.

ANIMALS

India ‘s marine fishery resources include 7500 km of coastline and deep seas beyond it.

Popular marine fish verities include pomphert , mackerel, tuna, sardines , and Bombay duck. Marine fish are caught using many

kinds of fishing net from fishing boats. Yield are increased by locating large schools of fish

in the open sea using satellites and echo-sounders. Some marine fish of high economic

value are also farmed in seawater. This includes finned fishes like mullets, bhetki, and pearl spots, shallfish such as prawns mussels and oyester as well as seewead. Oyester are also cultivated for the pearls

they make. As marine fish stocks get depleted, the demand for more fish can only be met by such culture fisheries, a practice

called MARICULTURE.

ANMILAS

MARINE FISHERIES

BEE KEEPINGBee keeping involves owning and

taking care of bees. It is an enterprise on a commercial basis. Honeybees are one of the most studied insects. This is

because they play a critical role in agriculture. The most important role of

honeybees does not lie in honey production , but in pollination. besides,

honey, honey bees also produces beeswax. They also produce pollen, propolis, and royal jelly. Bee venom

plays an important role in alternative medicine. Even bee stings are

commonly used for the treatment of arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

ANIMLAS

THE END