Household and food security: what lessons can we learn from Household and food security: what lessons can we learn from Household and food security: what lessons can we learn from Household and food security: what lessons can we learn from

food secure householdsfood secure householdsfood secure householdsfood secure households????

Silvestri Silvia, PhD

and

Douxchamps S., Kristjanson P., Förch W., Radeny M., Mutie I., Quiros C., Herrero

M., Ndungu A., Ndiwa N., Mango J., Claessens L., Rufino M.

Conference ‘Our Common Future under Climate Change’

7-10 July 2015, Paris, France

@Kilungu S.@CCAFS@ILRI

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• Aim of the study

• Study sites, design and methods

• Food security in this research study

• Results

• Conclusions

@CCAFS

Aim of the studyAim of the studyAim of the studyAim of the study

• Growing concern Growing concern Growing concern Growing concern around climate change impact on food

security in East Africa.

• Knowledge gap Knowledge gap Knowledge gap Knowledge gap on adaptation options.

• What are key factors key factors key factors key factors that contribute to households food

security?

• What lessonslessonslessonslessons can we learn from food secure households?

• What are optionsoptionsoptionsoptions that are likely going to benefit female-

headed households in particular?

• How can we better inform the targeting inform the targeting inform the targeting inform the targeting of national and

regional policies to enhance adaptation in agricultural

smallholders systems of East Africa?

Study sites, design and methodsStudy sites, design and methodsStudy sites, design and methodsStudy sites, design and methodsWote, KenyaWote, KenyaWote, KenyaWote, Kenya

• Climate: Climate: Climate: Climate: rainfall 520 mm

• Production system:Production system:Production system:Production system:o crop-livestock with local sheep

o crop livestock with dairy

• Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Crops: maize, cowpea, green grams, fruit

trees

Livestock: sheep, dairy cattle,

indigenous cattle, goats, chicken.

@ C.Schubert (CCAFS)

Rakai, UgandaRakai, UgandaRakai, UgandaRakai, Uganda• Climate: Climate: Climate: Climate: rainfall >1400 mm

• Production system:Production system:Production system:Production system:o coffee-banana with annual crops and

local livestock

• Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Crops: banana and coffee, maize, beans,

cassava, groundnuts and

sweet potatoes

Livestock: cattle, goats,

chicken.

Lushoto, TanzaniaLushoto, TanzaniaLushoto, TanzaniaLushoto, Tanzania• Climate: Climate: Climate: Climate: rainfall 1200-1300 mm

• Production system:Production system:Production system:Production system:o crop-livestock with indigenous livestocko horticultural crops, exotic and local cattle

breedso cash crops and exotic and local cattle

and goats

• Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Farming and livelihoods:Crops: maize, cassava, beans, vegetables, fruit trees, coffee, teaLivestock: dairy cattle, indigenous cattle, goats, chicken.

• IMPACTlite survey

methodology and

questionnaire*

• 200 HHs per study

site, 3 sites

*data.ilri.org/portal/dataset/

Components of Food Security Components of Food Security Components of Food Security Components of Food Security & Key Elements

FOOD ACCESS

• Affordability

• Allocation

• Preference

FOOD UTILIZATION

• Nutritional value

• Social value

• Food safety

FOOD AVAILABILITY

• Production

• Distribution

• Exchange

“When all people at all times have

access to sufficient, safe and

nutritious food that meets their

dietary needs and food preferences

for an active and healthy life” (FAO,

1996)

FOOD AVAILABILITY

• Production

• Distribution

• Exchange

SecuritySecuritySecuritySecurity

@Futureearth.org

@CCAFS

ResultsResultsResultsResults

@Schubert C.

• No significant

difference in livestock

ownership and other

categories of asset

(domestic, productive

and transport)

between food secure

and food insecure

HHs.

Livestock and other asset (domestic, productive and transport)

Crops

• Food secure households have

higher diversity of crops and

devote more land to

vegetables, starches, pulses

and cereals.

• Male headed households are

more diversified in their crops.

• Higher crop diversity

corresponds to larger land sizes

per capita.

Household size, FSR

• Family size of food insecure

are bigger (average 5.8 vs

4.5).

• High food insecurity levels:

62% Rakai, 80% Lushoto,

85% Wote.

• Food insecurity may not be

more severe for female-

headed households than

male-headed households.

@CCAFS @CCAFS @CCAFS

Income

• High poverty levels (37% below the

poverty line of 1.25 USD).

• Food insecure households have lower

income.

• Contribution of livestock income higher

for food insecure households.

• Relative contribution of crop income is

in average 50% for food secure

households.

@CCAFS

• Household income increases with

the number of crops cultivated.

• Low income households have to

diversify their income sources

and/or household welfare

depends more on activity mix

than on the total number of

activities per se.

Total income vs crops and activities diversity

@CCAFS

@CCAFS

Factors influencing food securityFactors influencing food securityFactors influencing food securityFactors influencing food securityPositive relationship between food

security and:

• Crop diversity

• Maize yield

• Crop labour

• Market orientation

Negative relationship between

food security and:

• Livestock income

• Livestock labour

• Crop labour

• Domestic asset (♀)@CCAFS

ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions • Food insecurity may not be more

severe for female-headed

households than male-headed

households.

• Different factors are important in

terms of explaining variations in

food security across the three

sites -> targeting.

• More communication effort and

investments on market access.

• What other factors underpinning

food security status from a gender

perspective? Intra household

analysis needed.

@CCAFS

The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.

better lives through livestock

ilri.org

Silvia Silvestri

s.silvestri@cgiar.org

silsilvestri@gmail.com