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JAGADISHPALB 3164Sr. M.Sc.(Agri.)Dept. of Agronomy
Sequence of presentation
IntroductionPotential of guarApplication of guarConclusionFuture line of work
IntroductionGuar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)The term evolved from ‘Gowahaar’ (Gow means cow and
Ahaar mean feed) Its mainly grown as Vegetable, Fodder crop, Gum purpose,
Green manure and Catch cropKharif season, rainfed and grown in arid and semi-arid regionEnhances the soil fertility by nitrogen fixationIn India, mainly grown in Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Punjab
and to a limited extent in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Guar plant produces a cluster of flower and pods, therefore, it is also known as cluster bean.
Its well developed tap root system make it drought hardy plant.It is a natural source of nano-particles of hydrocolloidsA substance which forms a gel in water and is known as guar gum
having main commercial value.Ex. Used in food industry Used in paper industry
Botany of guar
Table 1: Composition of guar seed
Part of seed Protein (%) Fibre (%) Type of sugar
Hull (14-17 %) 5 36 D-Glucose
Endosperm ( 35-42 %) 5 1.5 Galectomannen
Germ( 43-47 %) 55.3 18 Glucose
New Delhi Anon., 2014
Figure1: Cross section of guar seed
POTENTIAL OF GUAR PRODUCTION
Global scenario of guar productionMainly concentrated in Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent.India is the world leader with 80%
share in global productionIt produces 1.22 million tones of guar
seed were produced in in 2014Pakistan stands next to India with 15%
of world production. Remaining 5% guar is produced in
rest of the world (USA, Brazil, some African countries like South Africa, Malawi, Zaire and Sudan)
Indian scenario of guar production
In India, guar is cultivated on 2.96 m. ha area with a production of 1.22 m. t of
guar seeds with a average national productivity of 412 kg/ha.
In India, North-Western parts of country encompassing States of Rajasthan,
Haryana, Gujrat, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are the main guar production
Rajasthan contribute 70% of the area and contributes about 65% of the
production.
State
Parameter
Rajasthan Haryana Gujarat Punjab Uttar Pradesh
All India
Area(m ha)
2.467 0.271 0.196 0.026 0.002 2.963
83.25% 9.16% 6.6% 0.88% 0.08% 100%
Production(m t )
0.788 0.297 0.114 0.02 0.002 1.222
64.48% 24.30% 9.33% 1.64% 0.16% 100%
Productivity(kg/ha)
319 1096 582 769 1000 412
Table 2: State wise Area, production and productivity of guar in different states
New Delhi Anon., 2014
Export of guar products
Exported to about 100 countriesUSA, Germany and China are the three countries having major
share of the Indian export of guar products. Jointly imported 70.78% of total guar products from India
USA alone 60% share of import in terms of Quantity and 81 % of value in 2013-14
Fig 2: Quantity of Guar products exported from India (Quantity in 000 m t)
Fig 3: Value of guar products exported from India (Value in Rs.Crores)
Fig. 4: Share of guar in total agricultural export in India
Guar Industry Vision-2020. by Dr. Purushottam Sharma
Current productivity of Haryana state is 1200 kg/ha, if national level achieved these productivity, the total production can be increased to 35.70 lakh tone (3 times more ) in 2020
Yield of Haryana is higher by 206% and if 10 % growth in productivity per year production can be double in the 2020 at national level at 2020
Production can be meet out the demand of industrial needs
Foreign exchange earned from export of guar increased at two times of present level
Application of guar
•Guar seed is an important source of the industrial vegetable gum guar galactomannan which is used in many food and non food products.
•Mainly used in Industrial, Food and feed uses
•The traditional uses of guar are for•Human consumption; •Cattle feed, •Medicinal purpose and•Soil improvement
I. Industrial application
1. Food industry
Gelling and stabilizing agentThickeningHeat stabilizer Improves consistency
2. Pharmaceuticals industry
Synergistic activityLaxative propertyMalnutrition treatment
3. Medicinal industry
Protective agentReduces urine sugarAntidiabetic agent
4. Photography industry
Binder and thickenerStabilizer agent
5. Cosmetics industry
Stabilizer agent Thickener agent
6. Paper industry
Improves wet and dry strength Sizing agent
7. Building industry
Thickening agentWater proofingFoam stabilizer
8. Coal mining
Setting of fine particles Colloidal flocculantsShock impregnation
9. Textiles industry
StabilizerPrinting paste thickener
10.Paints and distemper industry
Rheology controllerThickener and binder
11. Other industries like:
InsecticidesDetergents Leather industryMosquito coilsCeramicsExplosive Petroleum well drilling andTobacco industry etc.
II. Uses for human consumption:Mainly used food products like:
Ice Cream, soft drinks & concentrates, puddings Chocolate milk, flavoured milks Jams, jellies, fruit spreads, jelly sweets Bread, biscuit and other baked foods Soft cheese and cheese spreads Canned or retorted food of fish and meat Ketchup, sauce and noodles preparation
III. Uses for animal feed.
1. Cattle feed.Guar provides nutritious fodder and concentrate to the
livestock. Guar is grown as a fresh or dry forage cropThe by-product in manufacturing of guar split/guar gum i.e.
guar churi and guar korma (Guar meal) mainly used as cattle feed
2. Poultry feedNo harmful effect up to 12% in broilerBirds grew better and good weight
3. Fish food: Used as a binder in the fish food pellets Disintegrating quickly in water
Processing of guar seed
Guar seed are processed for the production of guar gum and the by-products produced during this process are Churi and Korma collectively called as “guar meal”.
There are two types of guar seed processing industries, 1. Guar seed to guar splits 2. Guar splits to powder.
Fig: 5.Flow diagram for extraction of guar gum
Guar gum
It is white to creamiest amorphous powderEasily soluble in cold and hot water. Film forming or coating property.Resistance to oils, greases and solvents.Water binding capacity. Better thickening agent.Stability during freezing and thawing
Physical properties of guar gum
• Its natural high molecular weight and hydrocolloidal polysaccharide. • It is composed of Galactan + Mannan through glycosidic linkages chemically called as Galactomannan.•Guar’s viscosity is a function of temperature, time, and concentration.•Solutions with different gum concentrations can be used as emulsifiers and stabilizers because they prevent oil droplets from coalescing.
Chemical properties of guar gum
Guar gum shows high low-shear viscosity but is strongly shear-thinning.
Being non-ionic, it is not affected by ionic strength or pH but will degrade at pH extremes e.g. pH 3 at 50° temperature.
Guar gum has a polymeric structure, containing several hydroxyl groups and also used as:
1. Dispersion Control, 2. Viscosity Causing, 3. Gelling and4. Preservatives
By products of guar
•Guar meal : During the split manufacturing process, husk and germ are obtained which are used as high proteinaceous animal and poultry feed. These are widely sold in the international market as “Guar Meal” having high contents of “Oil & Albuminoids” (O & A ).
•Guar meal basically has two grades called • Guar meal churi• Guar meal korma.
Fig.6: Types of Guar meal
Guar Korma meal Guar Churi meal
Table 3: Characterization of guar meal
Parameter Guar meal Korma Guar meal Churi
Appearance Yellow splits White fine powder
Moisture 6-8% 6-705%
Protein 55-60% 35-40%
Fat 6-7% 3-4%
Fibre 3-5% 13-16%
New Delhi Anon., 2014
Agronomy of guar
• In India, the sowing season for guar seed is July and it is harvested during November.
• It is 90 days crop rain fed monsoon crop which
requires 300 to 400 mm.• It requires plenty of sunshine and dry weather.• During harvesting required sunshine for dry up and usable for industries
Table 4:Varieties of guar
variety Developed by Recommended for cultivation
Yield Remark
Durgajaya ARS, Durgapur(Rajastan)
Rajastan and Haryana
Seed yield:-12.6 q/haFodder yield:-27 t/ha
Dual type
HG-75 CCSHAU, Hisar Haryana 20 q/ha Prepared for Seed guar
Maru Guar CAZRI, Jodhour Western Rajasthan
Seed yield:- 9.5 q/haFodder yield:22.5 t/ha
Dual type
RGC-1055 ARS, Durgapur Northern India Seed yield :9.9 q/ha Resistent dieses
Pusa sadabahar - South India Green pod: 60-70 q/ha
Green pod vegetable purpose
Pusa Navbahar - North and South India
Green pod: 60 q/ha Green pod
Table 5: Effect of varieties on seed yield and quality of cluster bean
Treatment Seed yield (q/ha)
Protein yield (q/ha)
Gum yield (q/ha)
Varieties 1980 1981 1980 1981 1980 1981
HG 75 14 14.6 4.6 5.6 4 4
Durgajaya 12.4 12.1 4.1 4.2 3.5 3.4
HG 182 -- 13.2 -- 4.5 -- 3.7
CD at 5% 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2
Hissar Veena Jain et al.,1987
Climate and Soil
photosensitive crop, short day plant Soil temperature around 25-28o C for proper germination It needs fertile, medium-textured and sandy loam soils, but is susceptible to water logging.
Its considered to be tolerant to both soil salinity and alkalinity. .
Time of sowing
• For grain July. Fodder crop is April. •May-June to increase supply of vegetable pods.
Season of crop Sowing Time
Kharif crop 1st to 2nd week of July
Summer crop 25th February to 15th march
Table 6:Effect of dates of sowing on yield and quality of cluster bean
Treatment Grain yield
(q/ha)Crude protein
(q/ha)Crude
gum(q/ha)
20th June 7.1 2.1 2.1
5th July 9.8 3.3 3.1
20th July 8.1 2.5 2.6
5th August 6.6 2.1 2.1
CD at 5% 1.0 0.9 1.0
Hissar ( Haryana ) Sharma et al., 1984
Table 7: Effect of sowing dates on seed yield and quality of Cluster bean
Date of sowing Grain yield (q/ha)
Protein yield (q/ha)
Gum yield (q/ha)
1980 1981 1980 1981 1980 1981
25th June 13.8 15.1 4.6 5.2 3.8 4.1
10th July 16.6 16.9 5.6 5.7 4.8 4.9
25th July 12.9 13.2 4.2 4.5 3.6 3.7
10th august 9.5 7.2 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.1
CD at 5% 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3
Hissar (Haryana) Veena Jain et al., 1987
Seed rate
•Seed rate of guar crop varies from 12 to 40 kg/ha. It depend on:
1. soil moisture, 2. spacing and3. purpose of cultivation.
•12 kg /ha is sufficient for grain crop.
•40 kg /ha green manuring and vegetable purpose.
•Seed rate is normally increased under late sown condition, dry condition, and soil salinity or alkalinity conditions
Jaipur, Rajasthan Anon., 2013-14
Table 7: Effect of seed rate on yield of seed guar, gum yield and gum percentage
Seed rate (kg/ha)
Seed yield (t/ha)
Gum yield (t/ha)
Gum (%)
10 1.430 0.446 31.24
15 1.641 0.509 31.02
20 1.567 0.470 29.99
25 1.528 0.456 29.85
CD at 5% 0.015 -- 0.71
Method of sowing
• In India, farmers are practiced broadcasting. it creates problem in intercultural operations •Line sowing with seed drill ensures proper spacing and depth, good germination, easy weed management and drainage of excess water
Spacing
For grain purpose: 45 cm x15 cmFor fodder purpose: 30 cm x12 cmFor pod purpose: 60 cm x 30 cm
Table 8: Effect of row spacing on seed yield, protein yield and gum yield (q/ha.) of Cluster bean
Treatment Seed yield (q/ha)
Protein yield (q/ha)
Gum yield (q/ha)
Row spacing (cm)
1980 1981 1980 1981 1980 1981
30 13.5 13.7 4.5 4.7 3.8 3.8
40 14.1 14.4 4.7 5.0 4.0 3.9
60 11.9 11.8 4.0 4.1 3.4 3.3
CD at 5% 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2
Hissar Veena Jain et al., 1987
Water management
• Requires 300-400 mm annual rainfall. • Adequate moisture ensures maximum production of forage and
grain. • Guar is highly sensitive to water logging throughout the period. • The seed protein content will be improved when irrigation is
given at 50-60 DAS.
Table 9:The rainfall requirement with respect to growth state of guar crop
Jaipur Anon et al., 2014
Nutrient management• Guar crop needs 10-12 tonnes of well decomposed FYM• RDF: 20:60:20 (N:P:K kg/ha ) for Rajasthan
Effect of nitrogen It does not respond yet a small starter dose (20 kg N/ha)
stimulates growth of the plants in early stages.
Effect of phosphorus
Effective nodulation, Bolder seed size and Improved yield.
TreatmentSeed yield
(kg/ha)Protein
content (%)Gum content
(%)T1: Control 572 20.4 25.1T2 :50% RDF 692 24 24.8T3: 75% RDF 825 26.6 26.2T4: 100% RDF 863 27 26.5T5: Rhizobium 688 24.4 25T6: PSB 647 24.1 25.6T7: Rhizobium +PSB 710 24.4 25.5T8: 50% RDF + Rhizobium 807 25.7 26.7T9: 50% RDF + PSB 757 24.4 26.7T10: 50 % RDF + Rhizobium + PSB 822 27.2 26.7 CD (P=0.05) 110 2.6 NS
Table 10 :Productivity, quality and resource utilization by cluster bean as influenced by nutrient management
Bikener, Rajasthan Rathore et al., 2007
Weed management
Table 11 : Effect of weed control on yield attributes and yield of cluster bean
Weed control method Pods/plant Grain yield (kg/ha)
1990 1991 1990 1991
Control 30.15 26.65 835.18 1068.01
Hand weeding @20 DAS 36.12 34.40 1161.18 1291.91
Hand weeding @30 DAS 39.05 40.52 1230.15 1549.83
Hand weeding@40 DAS 34.95 37.25 1280.10 1542.00
Interculture@30 DAS 40.55 39.20 1230.50 1574.27
Pendimethaline @1kg/ha 42.15 33.40 1240.30 1487.07
Fluchloraline @1.5 kg/ha 42.40 36.20 1290.70 1594.20
Weed free 49.60 39.50 1360.45 1779.12
CD (P=0.05 ) 7.56 9.58 336.00 412.45
Madhya pradesh Bhadoria et al., 1996
Table 12 : Inter cropping of clusterbean with pearl millet
Proportion Cluster /plant Tillers/plantGrain yield
(kg/ha)
C P
C : P (1:1) 13.11 2.34 523.0 640.0
C: P (1:2) 12 2.66 425.5 628.5
C:P (1:3) 13.68 2.03 402.0 678.5
C:P(2:3) 12.39 2.78 593.5 567.0
C:P (3:1) 14.15 2.71 698.0 555.5
Pure C 15.63 3.87 1108.5 1274.0
CD at 5% 2.1 0.74 180.5 383.0
C, Cluster bean; P, Pearl milletMadhya pradesh Bhadoria et al., 1992
Fig.7: Effect of different agronomic practices on grain yield of guar
Jaipur( Rajasthan) Anon., 2014
I. Insect management
Plant protectionSeed TreatmentDry seed is coated with Ceresan or Thiram at the rate of 3 g/kg seedSeed is immersed in hot water at 56 for 10 minutes and then dried at roomtemperature before sowing.
Insect Scientific
namesymptoms control
Hairy caterpillar
Ascotis imparata
1. Egg lays on surface of leaves
2. Defoliate the plant
Monocrotophos @0.07 %
Jessid Ascotis imparata
1. Nymph suck the cell sap2. Leaves turn yellow at
margin
1. Aldicarb 10 G @10-15 kg/ha
2. Endosulphan@ 2 litre in 1000 litre of water
II. Disease management
Disease Caused by Symptoms Control
Wilt Fusarium monaliforme
1. Poor emergence of seedlings
2. Root dis-colouration
1. Seed treatment with Agrosan GN @ 3g/kg seed
2. Sorghum as mixed crop
Anthracnose Colletotricum capsici
1. Black,sunkan and canker on pods and stem
2. Yellow -margins
1. Use healthy and hot water treated seeds
2. Dithane M-45@ 2 kg/1000 litre
Bacterial blight
Xanthomonas cyamophagus
Irregular, sunken, red to brown leaf spot
1. Grow resistant variety
2. Seed treat with thiram@3gm/kg seed
Conclusion
1. Guar crop is an important industrial crop used as food (vegetable), Fodder, Pharmaceuticle and in other industries has huge potential.
2. India is the global leader in guar production. The climate of Karnataka suits for Guar cultivation.
3. The crop can be fitted in sole cropping and intercropping bajra, maize, jowar, pigeonpea, groundnut, cotton etc. under rainfed ecosystem
Future line of work
1.Need to popularize the crop 2.Development of location specific genotypes3.Need to develop location specific agronomic
practices with emphasis for intercropping in rainfed ecosystem of the state.
