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TOPIC:
PROTON EXCHANGEMEMBRANE FUEL CELL
By-
ABU DARDA ZILLI
PEM Fuel Cell
REPORTERS
Aliñabon, Louella Ann
Delima, Venus
Dizon, Clark
Inot, Lysa
Lamanilao, Juphil
Tuquib, Percy
What is PEMFC?
Contents
OVERVIEW of FUEL CELL
HISTORY of PEMFC
Contents
Basic Elements in a PEMFC
How PEM Fuel Cell Works
How PEM FC SYSTEM works
PEM FUEL CELL Applications
The Current PEM Market
Part II
Overview of a Fuel CellA fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen
over the other, generating electricity, water and heat.
A fuel cell system which includes a "fuel reformer" can utilize the hydrogen from any hydrocarbon fuel -
from natural gas to methanol, and even gasoline.
Different Types of Fuel Cell
Description:PAFC - uses phosphoric acid as the electrolyte.
(MCFC) uses high-temperature compounds of salt (like sodium or magnesium) carbonates (chemically, CO3) as the electrolyte.
(AFC) operates on compressed hydrogen and oxygen. They generally use a solution of potassium hydroxide (chemically, KOH) in water as their electrolyte.
(SOFC) uses a hard, ceramic compound of metal (like calcium or zirconium) oxides (chemically, O2) as electrolyte.
PROTONEXCHANGEMEMBRANE
(PEM) works with a polymer electrolyte in the form of a thin, permeable sheet.
History of PEM Fuel Cell
PEM technology was invented at General Electric through the work of Thomas Grubb and Leonard Niedrach.
GE developed a small fuel cell for a program with the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Ships (Electronics Division) and the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The unit was fueled by hydrogen generated by mixing water and lithium hydride.
GE developed PEM water electrolysis technology for undersea life support, leading to the US Navy Oxygen Generating Plant.
Los Alamos National Lab and Texas A&M University experimented with ways to reduce the amount of platinum required for PEM cells.
19601960
mid-1960smid-1960s
mid-1970smid-1970s
1990s1990s
1980s1980s The British Royal Navy adopted this technology in early 1980s for their submarine fleet.
What is PEM Fuel Cell?
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane FC
Description
Concept
- consists of an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between an anode (negative electrode) and a cathode (positive electrode).
PEM fuel cells work with a polymer electrolyte in the form of a thin, permeable sheet and allow hydrogen protons to pass through but prohibit the passage of electrons and heavier gases.
- a thin, solid, organic compound, typically the consistency of plastic wrap and about as thick as 2 to 7 sheets of paper. This membrane functions as an electrolyte: allows the solution to conduct electricity
PEM Fuel Cell Basics
Fuel cells are operationally equivalent to a battery.
For automotive applications hydrogen is the fuel choice.
Low temperature; Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) type cells are the standard devices.
The reactants or fuel in a fuel cell can be replaced unlike a standard disposable or rechargeable battery.
1
42
5
3
Electrochemical energy comes from the reaction: ½ H2 + ½ O2 → H2O.
6
Theoretically the maximum voltage that this reaction can generate is 1.2 V. However, in practice the cell usually generates about 0.7 V to 0.9 V and about 1 W cm-2 of power.
What is PEM Fuel Cell?
Electrolyte
SystemOutput
CHPEff.
ElectricalEff.
OperatingTemp.
50 - 100°C122 – 212°F
53 – 58% (transportation)25 – 35% (stationary)
Solid organic polymer poly(perfluorosulfunic acid)
1KW – 250 KW
70 – 90%(low grade waste heat)
ADVANTAGES
Rapid load following capability
Lower cost of fabrication
Robust
High power density
The Proton Exchange Membrane The Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)(PEM) system allows compact system allows compact designs and achieves a high energy designs and achieves a high energy to weight ratio.to weight ratio.
Efficient
In comparison, the internal compaction motor has an efficiency of
about 15%.
HIGH Manufacturing
Cost
Heavy Auxiliary Equipment
Needs Pure Hydrogen
Complex Heat and Water
Management
Start and stop conditions induce drying and wetting, which contributes to membrane stress. If run continuously, the stationary stack is
estimated at 40,000 hours. Stack replacement is a major expense.
Disadvantages
-It conducts the electrons that are freed from the hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an external circuit.
-It has channels etched into it that disperse the hydrogen gas equally over the surface of the catalyst.
Basic Elements of PEMFC
Anode
-has channels etched into it that distribute the oxygen to the surface of the catalyst.
-conducts the electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst, where they can recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to form water
Cathode
Anode Reaction Cathode Reaction
H2 → 2H+ + 2e- O2 + 4H+ + 4e- → 2H2O
Basic Elements of PEMFC
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Electrolyte
-This specially treated material, which looks something like ordinary kitchen plastic wrap, only conducts positively charged ions.
- The membrane blocks electrons.
Catalyst
- It is usually made of platinum powder very thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth.
- The catalyst is rough and porous so that the maximum surface area of the platinum can be exposed to the hydrogen or oxygen.
- The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the PEM.
How a PEM Fuel Cell Works?
How a PEM Fuel Cell Works?
How a PEM Fuel Cell Works?
How a PEM Fuel System Works?
Fuel Cell Stack
PEM Fuel Cell Applications
The first viable The first viable electric alternative to electric alternative to
the internal the internal combustion engine combustion engine
for vehicles, e.g. for vehicles, e.g. cars, motorbikes, cars, motorbikes,
buses, locomotives, buses, locomotives, forklifts, light aircraft forklifts, light aircraft
and UAVs.and UAVs.
Portable generation systems for domestic, industrial, military and
maritime application
Small scale power packs for remote, unattended and
military application
On board On board auxiliary power auxiliary power units (APUs) for units (APUs) for
land and air land and air transportationtransportation
Decentralized Decentralized power generation power generation for industrial and for industrial and
domestic domestic applicationsapplications
General battery replacement/displacement.
The Current PEM Market
63%
6%10%
2%Portable
Niche Transportation
Light Duty Devices
Large Stationary
3%Buses 16% Small Stationary
Total Number of PEM Units Installed Globally By Application