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FUNGAL PATHOGENS

FUNGAL PATHOGENS

SSNAIKM.Sc.Scholar

TNAU,COIMBATORE

FUNGAL PATHOGENS

What is microbial control ?

MICROBIAL CONTROL

“Microbial control refers to the exploitation of diseases causing organisms to reduce the population of insect pests below the economic injury level ”

Microorganisms

INFECTIOUS AGENT

DISEASES OR ILLNESS

DEVIATION FROM NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL

PROCESS

FUNGAL PATHOGEN –PLANT –HARMFUL

RUST PATHOGEN

FUNGAL- PATHOGEN –INSECT –BENEFICIAL

FUNGUS

PARASITE

INSECTS

KILLS OR SERIOUSLY DISABLES

ENTOMOPATHOGEN-etymology

Greek WordsGreek Words

“ “microorganisms which arise in insects.”microorganisms which arise in insects.”

Is Entompathogen only belongs to fungi?

en

tomop

hili ENTOMOPATHOGENI

C MICRORGANISMS

2.ENTOMO PATHOGENIC FUNGI

.Entomon: an insect .Pathogen: which causes disease

.Fungi: micro fungal organism

INTRODUCTION

FIRSTFIRST found pathogens found pathogens Disease -Disease - MYCOSESMYCOSES 750/100-750/100-species species Attractive alternativeAttractive alternative--chemical chemical

pesticides.pesticides.LessLess damage to the damage to the

environmentenvironment..

The place of biopesticides in agriculture

Current status of biopesticides

(Seema Wahab, 2010)

I

II

Biopesticides

VIRUS

Fungi

BacteriaI

II

III

1.ASCOMycetes –CORDYCEPS

2.BASIDIOMYCETES-SEPTOBASIDIUM

3.DEUTROMYCetes 3.DEUTROMYCetes - - AscherosoniaAscherosonia BeauveriaBeauveria

CulinomycesCulinomyces Hirsutella thompsoniiHirsutella thompsonii

H. longicollaH. longicolla MetarhiziumMetarhizium

NomuraeaNomuraea PaecilomycesPaecilomyces

VerticilliumVerticillium44.PHYCOMYCETES.PHYCOMYCETES- - Coelomomyces Coelomomyces • EntomophthoraEntomophthora

CLASSIFICATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI

S.no. FUNGI TARGET PEST 1 Beauveria bassiana Cottonbollworms,Coffeeberryborer

(Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Hemiptera and few in Diptera ,Hymenoptera)

2 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Lepidoptera,thysanoptera

3 Metarrhizium ansipoliae Sugarcanepyrilla,rhinocerosbeetle(Coleoptera,Lepidoptera,Hemiptera,Diptera and Hymenoptera)

4 Verticillium lecanii Whiteflies,aphids and scales

5 Nomouraea rileyi H.armigera,Achaea janata,S.litura (Lepidoptera)

6 Aschersonia aleuroides White fly(Homoptera)

7 Hirsutella thompsoni Phytophagous mites(Eriophid mites)

8 Pandora delphacis BPH,GLh of rice

S.NO.

YEAR SCIENTIST AND CONTRIBUTION

01 2700BC CHINESE PEOPLE RECOGNISE DISEASES OF HONEY BEE AND SILKWORM

02 ANCIENT TIME

INDIAN LITERATURE REFERS THE DISEASES OF SAME INSECTS

03 SAME TIME IN EUROPE ARISTOTLE WAS THE FIRST PERSON MENTION ABOUT THE DISEASES OF HONEY BEES

04 1835 AGOSTINO BESSI EXPERIMENT ON SILK WORM DISEASE

05 1879 E.METSCHINIKOFF(1879) EXPERIMENT CONTROL OF WHEAT COCKCHAFER(ANISOPLIA AUSTRIACEA) ,SUGARBEET WEEIL( CLEOMUS PUNCTIVENTRIS)

…………..

4. MODE OF ACTION

MODE OF ACTION:

Attachment

Germination

FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS

HIGH HUMIDITY,LOW TEMPERATURE

Penetration

Proliferate

Killing

New propagules (spores)

Favorable conditions

Mode of action………………..

Mode of action…………………..

2-12 DAYS

CLAMYDOSPORES

TOXINS: A substance which kills an organism

1.Catobolic toxins: result from decomposition brought about by the activity of the pathogen eg:breakdpwn of the proteins ,carbohydrates etc.

2.Anabolic toxins:substances synthesized by the pathogen

3.Endo toxins : toxins that are produced by the pathogen and are confined to the cell and are liberated when the pathogen dies or disintegrates eg; bt endo toxins

4.Ectotoxins:they are excreted or passed out of the cell of the pathogen eg; some bacteria and fungi produce exo or ecto toxins

1.Metarhizium anisopliae Destruxin A , B,C,D,E,F

2.Paecilomyces Beauvericin

ENTOMOPATHOGENIC TOXINS

3.Beauveria bassiana Beauvericin Beauverolides Bassinolide

4.Verticilium lecanii Bassinolide

ECTOTOXINS

Beauveria bassiana

Metarhizium anisopliae

Verticillium lecanii

SYMPTOMS

1.yellow to brown spots on the integument2.swelling of posterior abdominal segments3.covered with pale green spores

Nomouraea rileyi

MASS PRODUCTION

FOR SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND USE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI AS MYCOINSECTICIDES

ARE:

Rapid growth 1.FUNGAL ISOLATE High pathogenesis To target pests Sporulate profusely

Cheap 2.MEDIUM Easily available

3.The production procedure

EasyProduction cost

low

4.Formulation

Long shelf lifeNo loss of infectivityand variability-12-18months

1.Beauveria bassiana

Class: Class: Deuteromycete (Imperfect FungiDeuteromycete (Imperfect Fungi).).

The species is named after the Italian entomologist The species is named after the Italian entomologist Agostino BassiAgostino BassiDiscovery: in 1835 as cause of the Muscardine Discovery: in 1835 as cause of the Muscardine Disease Of Domesticated Silkworms . Disease Of Domesticated Silkworms .

It causing white muscardine disease It causing white muscardine disease Toxin Produced – Beauvericin,Bassianolide, Toxin Produced – Beauvericin,Bassianolide, Isarolides, and Beauverolides Isarolides, and Beauverolides naturally in soils naturally in soils acts as a parasite on various arthropodsacts as a parasite on various arthropods

B.bessiana………….

MASS PRODUCTION 200 g of grains in 250 g polypropalyne bags or bottles

with 190 ml of water

Sterilization at 120o C for 45 minutes

Cool and inoculate with the 5 ml fungus spore suspention

bags incubate at 25o C for 25 days

Air dried under laminar air flow 3 days at 40o C

ground to fine mixture

methodmethod: : SprayingSpraying Emulsified Suspension Emulsified Suspension Wettable PowderWettable Powder. . Dosage:Dosage: 1.1.Spores at 1.5kg/ha (30x10Spores at 1.5kg/ha (30x109 9 conidia/g) conidia/g) ++ 2. Chlorophos2. Chlorophos @ Low dose is founded good for reducing @ Low dose is founded good for reducing the pestthe pestTrade namesTrade namesBotanigardBotanigard®®ESES BotanigardBotanigard®®22WP22WPNaturalisNaturalisMycotrolMycotrol

FIELD RELEASE FIELD RELEASE

AGAINSTAGAINSTTermites Termites ThripsThrips Whiteflies Whiteflies Aphids Aphids GrasshoppersGrasshoppersBeetles Beetles CaterpillarsCaterpillarsSilkwormsSilkworms

Its use in the Control Of Malaria - Transmitting Its use in the Control Of Malaria - Transmitting Mosquitos is under investigation.Mosquitos is under investigation.

SILK WORM LARVA

GRASSHOPPER

Spodoptera litura

BEETLE CICADA

2.Metarhizium anisopliae

MASS PRODUCTION

40 g of carrot bits in 250 ml of conical flask with 65 ml of water

Autoclave at 25psifor 30 minutes

Cool and inoculate with the fungus

Fungal can be applied to manure pit after a fortnight

5x105x1011 11 spores/ m spores/ m33 of FYM have to of FYM have to be inoculated to achieve 100% be inoculated to achieve 100% mortalitymortality..

FIELD RELEASE FIELD RELEASE

Grubs Of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Grubs Of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Grasshopper Grasshopper Rice BPH Rice BPH Sugarcane Pyrilla Sugarcane Pyrilla BollwormBollworm

AGAINST

RHINOCEROS BEETLE GRUB

GRASS HOPPER

RICE BPH

3.Verticillium lecanii

MASS PRODUCTION 65 g of sorghum grains in 250 ml of

conical flask with 25-30 ml of distilled water

Autoclave at 25 psi for 30 minutes

Cool and inoculate with the fungus

Fungal culture can be used after 3 weeks of growth

coffee green scale coffee green scale certain other homopteranscertain other homopterans

AGAINSTAGAINST

TRADE NAMESTRADE NAMES

VertilecVertilecMycotol Mycotol Vertisweep Vertisweep

GREEN SCALE

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

Most important natural enemies of whiteflies worldwide, Most important natural enemies of whiteflies worldwide, sickness : “Yellow Muscardine” . sickness : “Yellow Muscardine” .

Strong epizootic potential against Strong epizootic potential against Bemisia and Trialeurodes Bemisia and Trialeurodes sppspp.. in both greenhouse and open field environments has been in both greenhouse and open field environments has been reported.reported.

Symptom: Symptom: rosy-tan to smoky-pink (or gray) fungal massrosy-tan to smoky-pink (or gray) fungal mass

Paecilomyces lilacinus Paecilomyces lilacinus principally infects and assimilates principally infects and assimilates eggs eggs of root-knot and cyst nematodesof root-knot and cyst nematodes

P. fumosoroseus………………. P. fumosoroseus……………….

Lepidoptera - Spodoptera litura Lepidoptera - Spodoptera litura Coleoptera Coleoptera Trichoplusia niTrichoplusia ni

Heliothis zeaHeliothis zea Plathypena scabraPlathypena scabra Bombyx moriBombyx mori Anticarsia gemmatalis. Anticarsia gemmatalis.

AGAINST

Paecilomycesfumosoroseus Paecilomycesfumosoroseus applied at a applied at a dilution of 1x10dilution of 1x1088 spores/ml spores/ml were required to cause were required to cause significant reduction in the pest significant reduction in the pest population.population.

FIELD RELEASE FIELD RELEASE

Hirsutella thomsoni

NOMENCLATURE: Approved name: Hirsutella thompsonii SOURCE: Originally isolated from an eriophyid mite in TamilNadu. TARGET :PESTS: Eriophyid mites, particularly the coconut mite (Aceria guerreronis Keifer). TARGET :CROPS: Major crop use is in coconut plantations, but can be used in palmyrah palm and in arecanut.

It is specific to the eriophid mites 1.coconut mite2.Citrus rust mite

EFFICACY: Field investigations conducted in more than 15 locations to evaluate the performance of ' Mycohit' showed that by the 70th day of the experiment greater than 90% mortality of the mites was observed in coconuts sprayed twice (at 2-week intervals).

AGAINST

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND NON-TARGET TOXICITY:

Hirsutella thompsonii is widespread in Nature It is not pathogenic to non-target species. It not shown adverse effects on the environment

Sold as a talc-based formulation coded Formulation-moisture content of about 12%. Tradenames: ' Mycohit' .

CITRUS RUST MITE

Coconut mite infected with Hirsutella thomsonii

ADVANTAGES

Nontoxic Nonpathogenic Specific No residual toxicityCan also applied at harvest stage

DISADVANTAGES No immediate action

Only effective to a specific group of

insects

Each application may control part of the

insect pests

If the other species may present they

may continue to cause damage

TNAU a biopesticide formulation based on fusarium sp isolated from the dead mite has been released by TNAU under the brand name TNAU-AGROBIOCIDE to control mite Menace in coconut

CONTRIBUTION TO FARMING SOCIETY

Need of diagnosis of fungi: Sometimes we may indistinguish between the two fungal pathogens there by we canot diagnosis the correct entomopathogenic fungi for the responsible disease in insect The actual cause of many diseases is difficult to determine. Although many organisms can be isolated from a diseased organisms tissue, their presence does not prove that any or all of them caused the disease due to the fact that the isolated microbe may be part of the normal flora or transient flora of that area or a secondary invader.

DIAGNOSIS OF FUNGI

The pioneering GERMAN microbiologist, ROBERT KOCH, identified a set of four conditions which has to be satisfied to establish that a particular organism is the causative agent of a particular disease. These conditions known as Koch's postulates are:

DIAGNOSIS OF FUNG……………………………….

1. The suspected pathogen must be found associated with the disease in all the diseased insects examined.

2. The organism must be isolated from the diseased insect tissue and grown in pureculture on nutrient media and its characteristics described obligate or non obligate , and its appearance and effects recorded.

.

Koch's postulates

3. When a healthy insect of the same species is inoculated with this culture, it must produce the disease and show the characteristic symptoms

4.The organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated plants and must be known to be the same pathogen as the original. If all the above steps have been followed and proved true, then the isolated pathogen is identified as the organism responsible for the disease 3. When a healthy insect of the same species is inoculated with this culture, it must produce the disease and show the characteristic symptoms.

Koch's postulates…………….

Who is f

ather of insect

pathology ?

REFERENCES

BOOKS:

*PRINCIPLES OF INSECT PATHOLOGY Dr. STEINHAUS1.APPLED ENTOMOLOGY –D.S.REDDY2.INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT –G.S.DHALIWAL ,R.ARORA3.PRINCIPLES OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-K.N.RAGUMOORTHI, M.R.SRINIVASAN, V. BALASUBRAMANI, N. NATARAJAN4.ELEMENTS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLGY- B.VASANTHARAJ DAVID V.V.RAMANAMURTHYINTERNET:WWW.WIKIPEDIA.INWWW.Dr.REDDYS LABORATORIES.comWWW.NBAII.IN.

Thanks a lot my course incharge Dr . DHANDAPANI and my friends

Presented by S. Srinivas naik 13-503 010