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Syed Wali JalalzaiID. NO. PALB 2098

Seminar on

“Direct and residual effect of rock

phosphate on soil and crop

production”

Rock phosphate

Outline of seminar

Introduction

Research papers

Summary

Rock phosphate P2O5 >33.5%

Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals limited (RSMML)

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Majority of Indian soils being acidic or alkaline in nature loose a large portion of added phosphorus due to adsorption and immobilization to organic forms

Phosphorus being one of the main limiting nutrient, with much lower bioavailability indices needs more attention than any other nutrients due to ever increasing demand

It needs to be supplemented on regular basis for maintaining soil P status at a level that can withstand the crop requirements especially in areas with low inherent soil P

Modern agriculture warrants judicious use of phosphatic fertilizers in areas where P is a limiting factor for crop production

Introduction:

In view of the escalating prices and concomitant shortages of raw materials for P fertilizer industry, exploration of indigenous source of P such as rock phosphate gained utmost importance

Direct application of rock phosphate has helped India save US $ 6.6 million

Many researchers have evaluated the direct and residual effect of different indigenous rock phosphate in meeting the P requirement of crop

A rock that consists largely of calcium phosphate usually together with other minerals (calcium carbonate), is used in making fertilizers, and is a source of phosphorus compounds

Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate bearing minerals. The phosphate content of phosphorite is at least 15 to 20%, which is a large enrichment over the typical sedimentary rock content of less than 0.2%

Rock phosphate:

Phosphorite mine near Oron, Negev, Israel.

Table 1: Main varieties of apatite and their formulae

(Van Kauwenbergh, 2007)

Fig. 1. World rock phosphate production from different region, ratios calculated based on a six- years average (from 1999 to 2004) (source: Jasinski, 2007)

West Asia 31.3%Latin America 13.8% North America 4.4%

Source: Food and agriculture organization of the united nations Rome, 2015

.Fig. 2. Regional and sub-regional share of phosphoric acid supply, 2011-2015

Table 2: Consumption of ground rock phosphate as phosphatic fertilizer in the world

(Jaggi , 1994)

Table 3: Reserve of phosphatic rock in India (Million tonnes)

(Jaggi , 1994)

Source: Suseela Devi et al., 1995

Table 4: Classification done by IBM

Grade of Rock phosphate

Table 5: Chemical composition of Indian rock phosphates (weight percent)

(Jaggi , 1994)

3 distinct types of apatite

Ca5(PO4)3.F

Ca5(PO4)3.OHCa5(PO4)3.Cl

Fig. 3. Phosphorus transformation in soils (Source: Takeda and Knight 2006)

Fig. 4. A generalized diagram of the reactions of applied phosphorus in soil and sources of plant available P (Source: Fundamental of Soil Science, ISSS., 2012)

Solubility of Ca phosphate is very good Solubility of Al and Fe phosphate is poor

Solubility of Ca Al and Fe phosphate = equally good

Solubility of Ca phosphate is poor Solubility of Al and Fe phosphate is very good

Fig. 5. A schematic diagram depicting the effect of soil pH on the solubility of different forms of phosphorus (Source: Fundamental of Soil Science, ISSS., 2012)

Fig. 6. Factors increasing the dissolution of rock phosphates (Takeda and Knight 2011)

RESEARCH PAPERS

Direct and residual effect of rock phosphates on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and soil phosphorus

status in Alfisols of Eastern Plateau of India

Ghosal et al., 2014

Objective:

To study the direct and residual effect of Triple super phosphate (TSP-21.75% P), Morocco rock phosphate (MORP-14.87% P), Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP-8.27%) and partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP-12.97% P) on lateritic (Alfisol) acid soil of Chotanagpur Plateau

Research Paper - 1

Materials and Methods

Location: Agricultural Research Farm of Indian Statistical Institute Chotanagpur Plateau

Total phosphorus content of the fertilizers were estimated by:

1. Digesting 1 g of the fertilizer sample with a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid at room temperature for about 24 h

2. Phosphorus content was then estimated colorimetrically, after diluting the mixture with water

Water soluble phosphorous: A. Washing a gram of the fertilizerB. Placed on a funnel fitted with a filter

paper, with successive volume of cold water

C. Estimating phosphorous in the filtrate colorimetrically

Initial soil properties

pH 5.3

OC 0.52%

CEC 10.19 me/100 g soil

Total N 0.059%

Ava. P 5.6 kg /ha

NH4OAC - K 89.5 kg/ha

Al oxide and Fe oxide

(17.2 and 1.60%)

Rice, Cv. Pankaj (150 days)

TSP, MORP and PARP phosphorus were P (10, 20, 30, 40 kg P ha-1)

% 4 replications

20, 40, 60, 80 kg P ha-

1 MRP

18 treatments

absolute control - N0 P0 K0 and P-control - N P0 K)

For each crop, nitrogen and potash were applied (80 and 60 kg ha-1

The land was left fallow after the harvest of rice in the first year and then rice was grown again during the rainy seasons of the two consecutive years

Factorial Randomized Block Design

Results and discussion Table 1. Solubility characteristics of the phosphatic fertilizers

Table 2. Grain yield of rice and P-uptake by rice direct and residual phosphorus from rock phosphate

Table 3. Relative balance sheet of soil phosphorus in direct – residual system

Fig. 1. Yield-response curves as affected by direct application of different sources and levels of P-fertilizers in the first year

Fig. 2. Yield-response curves as affected by direct application of different sources and levels of P-fertilizers in the second year

Fig. 3. Yield-response curves as affected by direct application of different sources and levels of P- fertilizers in the year 1997

ConclusionWater soluble triple super phosphate gave the best performance by direct application in rainfed rice

Slowly available rock phosphate, particularly partially acidulated one and Morrocco rock phosphate showed good promise by their residual effects in the following seasons and was found even better than water soluble P-source

Rock phosphates also left higher P-balance in soil applied once in three years under acid soil condition

Qureshi et al., 2005

Objective:

1. To know the direct effect of rock phosphates along with FYM and P solublizers applied to soybean on the soil available phosphorus, organic carbon and build up of PSM population

2. To record the residual effect of rock phosphates in the presence of FYM and PSM applied to mustard and wheat crops in same treatments of soybean

Direct and residual effect of phosphate rocks in presence of Phosphate solubilizers and FYM on the available P, organic

carbon and viable counts of phosphate solublizers in soil after soybean, mustard and wheat crops

Research Paper -2

Materials and Methods

• Location: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi• Soil type: Typic Haplustepts and slightly alkaline• Crops: Soybean , Mustard and wheat cropping system

Material and Methods

Initial Soil properties

pH 7.9SOC (g/kg) 4.7Olsen-P (kg ha-1) 5.6

P fixing capacity % 39.2

Treatments: 5 P sources

Udaipur, Mussoorie, Jhabua, North Carolina and TSP: with 2 levels of P concentration (50 and 100 mg kg-1 soil)

Three Phosphate Solubilizers1. Aspergillus awamori2. Pseudomonas striata3. Bacillus polymyxa

Thick slurry out of 20 g charcoal base inoculants was prepared and treated separately to 100 seed than dried under shade before sowing into pots.

Design: CRD

Soil samples were collected from each pot after the harvest of soybean shoots at 60 DAS

The processed samples were extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO3 and extracted P was determined by ascorbic acid blue color method OC was estimated by wet oxidation procedure of Walkley and black (1934)

Viable counts of phosphate solubilizing bacteria were made in the soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of soybean, using the medium described by Pikovskaya 1948 by following dilution plate technique

For the phosphate solubilizing fungi, the same medium supplemented with antibiotics namely, streptomycin (@100 µ mL-1 ) and tetracycline (@25 µ mL-1 ) to check the growth of bacterial colonies was used

The same procedure followed for Mustard and Wheat

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizing microbes on available P (mg P kg-1) status of soil after the harvest of soybean, mustard and wheat crops

Table 2. Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizing microbes on organic carbon (g kg-

1) status of soil after the harvest of soybean, mustard and wheat crops

Table 3. Direct and residual effect of rock phosphate and phosphate solubilizing microbes on the viable counts (in 104 g-1 soil) of PSM colonies in rhizosphere soil of soybean, mustard and wheat crops

Conclusion

1. A. awamori had solubilized rock phosphate to greater extent than other solubilizers

2. Seed inoculation with A. awamori to soybean, mustard and wheat crops had proved as an efficient solubilizer than P. striata and B. polymyxa though its viable colony counts were less than bacteria

Research Paper - III

Biophos influence on P availability from rock phosphate applied to rice (oryza sativa L.)

with various amendments

Khalil et al., 2002OBJECTIVES:

1. To demonstrate increased efficiency of applied chemical fertilizers with Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM) inoculation technology

2. To find the best combination of various amendments as well as Biophos inoculum for enhancing agronomic effectiveness of local rock phosphate

Basmati–385 was grown during the

growth season 2000

Five treatments according to tetra–replicated completely randomized design (factorial)

Materials and methods

Location: A greenhouse study was conducted at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan

Rice genotype

Treatments

T3

T4

T5 T1

T2

Treatments Control

FYM (5% on dry weight basis)

Green manure (5% on dry weight basis)

Ca (50 mg kg-1of soil) as a gypsum

Al (50 mg kg-1of soil) as aluminum sulfate

Three replication

Initial Soil properties

pH 7.9

CaCO3 % 1.2

Available P mg kg-1 4.03

SOM % 1.4

Exchangeable Fe mg kg-1

25.9

Overall, 30 glazed pots (30 cm x 25 cm) were filled with 6 kg air dried and ground clay loam soil

Kakul rock phosphate (P2O5 = 24%; CaO =39.5; Fe2O3 = 2.25%) @ 1.3 g kg-1 of soil was applied to all the pots including control

1. Basal dose of K @ 100 mg kg-1 of soil (in 4 splits)

2. 10 mg kg-1 of soil, Zn, Cu and Mn as ZnSO4, CuSO4, MnSO4, respectively was applied to all the treatments

3. Iron @ 20 mg kg-1 of soil as FeSO4

4. 1.0 mg kg-1 of soil H3B3 was also applied to all the treatments at the time of seedling transplanting

5. Nitrogen @ 200 mg kg-1 of soil as urea was applied in three splits, i.e., at seedling transplanting, tillering and panicle initiation stage

6. Seedlings for inoculated treatments were treated with Biophos (PSM) by dipping the roots in a Biophos solution containing 109 CFU mL-1

Results and discussion Table 1. Effect of Biophos inoculation, organic and inorganic amendments on rice growth and yield (g pot-1) (Average of four repeats)

Values followed by same letter(s) are similar statistically at p=0.01

FYMGreen manure

Ca as gypsum Aluminum sulfate

Control

Table 2. Effect of Biophos inoculation on P–uptake (mg pot-

1) by rice grown with rock phosphate and various organic and inorganic amendments (Average of four repeats)

Values followed by same letter(s) are similar statistically at p=0.01

FYMGreen manure

Ca as gypsum Aluminum sulfate

Control

Conclusion

This study emphasizes the need of focusing on application of local rock phosphate, a cheap source of phosphorus, along with green manure and/or farmyard manure as well as Biophos (PSM) inoculation to enhance the crop yields

Requirement of phosphorus for rice crop is not so high but still further studies on rock phosphate rates, method, time of application and manuring of amendments for optimum yield are needed under natural environments

Research Paper - 4

1. To explore the use of HRP for crop production

2. To evaluate the direct and residual effect of various levels of un-amended Hazara rock phosphate (HRP) under calcareous soil conditions using wheat as first season and maize as residual test crop

Objective:

Materials and methods

Field location: University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan during 2012 and 2013

1. located 34.01o N latitude, 71.35o E longitude at altitude of 350 m above sea level

2. Mean annual rain fall ranges from 300 to 500 mm.

Initial Soil properties

Soil under study Silty clay loam

pH 8.6

CaCO3 % 16

AB-DTPA extractable P mg kg-1

1.42

SOM % 0.68

Hazara rock phosphate (HRP) under calcareous soil conditions using wheat as first season and maize as residual test crop

• RCBD design • Three replications• The size of experimental plots was 3 x 5 m2

Treatments included HRP

0, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 kg ha-1

Equivalent to 0, 45, 90, 180 and 270 kg P2O5 ha-1 , respectively, based on 18% acid (H2SO4) recoverable P2O5 in HRP

The required amount of N and K were applied on the soil surface to all treatments

Wheat cv. Siren

Maize (Baber)

Table 1. Effect of HRP on grain and biomass yield of wheat and succeeding maize crop under calcareous soil conditions

Result and discussion

Fig. 1. Grain and biomass yields of wheat and residual maize as influenced by different levels of HRP under alkaline calcareous soil

Table 2. Number of grain and grain weight spike -1 of wheat and cob weight and grain weight cob-1 of residual maize at the given HRP levels under calcareous conditions

* Means followed by same letter (s) in a column do not differ at p≤0.05

Fig. 2. Influence of HRP on number of grains and grain weight spike-1 of wheat in the first season and cob weight and grain weight cob-1 of residual

maize in alkaline calcareous conditions

Table 4. Total P uptake by wheat and maize crops (kg ha-1)

* Means followed by same letter (s) in a column do not differ at p<0.05

Hazara rock phosphate (HRP) has the potential to maintain better crop yields but might not compete with commercial water soluble P fertilizers in achieving greater productions especially from high yielding hybrid varieties of wheat and maize in alkaline calcareous soils

Substantial increases in wheat yield and subsequent maize yield its utilization may be encouraged in areas where consumption of costly WSP fertilizers has drastically declined due to their unaffordable prices

The high levels of HRP can prove much beneficial in terms of crop yields especially in residual crops but due to slow dissolution, for high fertilizer efficiency HRP may be supplemented with basal fertilizer dose or used with some acidification in high pH calcareous soil

Conclusion

Research Paper - 5

To determine and compare the effect of composts prepared from different organic materials with RP on yield and P uptake of wheat and their residual effect on mung bean crops

Objective:

Material and methods

Field location: Field experiments Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad

The wheat variety saran with a seed rate of 100 kg ha-1

The mung bean variety NM-92

Randomized Complete Block Design

Three replications with 11 treatments

3×5 m2 size

Row to row distance of wheat plants was 25 cm

Composts prepared from City Garbage, Organic waste, Simple FYM and RP fed FYM mixed with RP at the ratio of 2.0 part of organic materials and 1.0 part of RP were applied at the rate of 9912, 8380, 4529 and 4444 kg ha-1 respectively on the basis of their P concentration to provide 90 kg P ha-1

Total N and P concentration in the compost %

N P pH

RP fed FYM 1.291 2.03 8.2

Simple FYM 1.269 1.99 8.2

Organic waste 1.257 1.07 10.2

City garbage 1.36 0.91 8.8

Initial Soil properties

Soil type Silty clay loam

Soil under study Alkaline calcareous

pH 8.6

Available P mg kg-1 5.35

SOM % 0.6

Total Nitrogen % 0.09

Chemical fertilizers were applied at the rate of 120-90-60 kg ha-1 N, P, K, respectively in the form of urea, SSP or RP and SOP

With a seed rate of 20 kg ha-1 was grown on same layout of wheat. Fertilizers N and K were applied at the rate of 30 and 60 kg ha-1, respectively in the form of urea and SOP

Wheat experiment

Mung bean experiment

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Wheat grain, total dry matter and straw yields and thousand grains weight as affected with composts of different organic materials

Means with different letter(s) in columns are significantly different at p≤0.05

Table 2. Post harvest soil organic matter content, EC and pH values as affected by the composts of

different organic materials

Table 3. Post harvest soil N and P concentrations of wheat as effected by the composts of different organic materials

Table 4. Economic analysis of the composts prepared from different organic materials

Table 5. Residual effect of the prepared composts on yield and yield components of mung bean

Fig. 1. Residual effect of composts on post harvest soil N concentration.

Fig. 2. Residual effect of composts on post harvest soil P concentration.

Fig. 3. Residual effect of composts on plants N uptake. Fig. 4. Residual effect of composts on plants P uptake.

CONCLUSION

i. Composts prepared from city garbage, organic waste, farm yard manures with RP are cheap and indigenous source of P have potential to improve crop production, plants N and P uptake when applied with half dose of SSP

ii. Maximum yield was produced by the treatment where the compost of organic waste was applied with half dose of SSP

iii. Post harvest soil N and P concentrations increased by the addition of composts of different organic materials

iv. Maximum and significantly (p≤0.05) increased mung bean yield and total dry matter were observed by the residual effect of composts of RP fed dung applied with half dose of SSP

Summary

I. Technology of direct-residual system of phosphate management in rainfed rice could fetch 40 to 50% yield

II. Rock phosphates also left higher P-balance in soil applied once in three years under acid soil condition

III. Aspergillus awamori has the ability of solubilizing rock phosphate to greater extent than other solublizers

IV. Application of local rock phosphate, a cheap source of phosphorus, along with green manure and/or farmyard manure as well as Biophos (PSM) inoculation for enhancing the crop yields

V. RP offer promise as alternate source of P, however, to ensure optimum crop production on high pH calcareous soil, some acidification after careful standardization will be advisable

VI. Use of composts prepared from different organic materials with RP are economical, environmental friendly and have potential to improve crops yield and plants N and P uptakes