DELETERIOUS IMPACT OF DELETERIOUS IMPACT OF ALGAEALGAE

JAIDEEP SHARMAJAIDEEP SHARMAM.Sc. (F) BOTANY M.Sc. (F) BOTANY

ROLL NO. 56ROLL NO. 56

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• ALGAL BLOOMALGAL BLOOM• BIOFOULING OF SHIPSBIOFOULING OF SHIPS• ROLE IN WATER SUPPLIESROLE IN WATER SUPPLIES• ANCIENT MONUMENTSANCIENT MONUMENTS• CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS• REFERANCESREFERANCES

ALGAL BLOOMALGAL BLOOM

Fresh Water Algal bloom Marine Red Tide

Algal BloomAlgal Bloom

• An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the An algal bloom is a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic system. population of algae in an aquatic system.

• Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Typically only one or a marine environments. Typically only one or a few phytoplankton species are involved and few phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms may be recognized by some blooms may be recognized by discoloration of the water resulting from the high discoloration of the water resulting from the high density of pigmented cells.  density of pigmented cells.  

Harmful algal bloomsHarmful algal blooms

A harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that A harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to aquatic organisms causes negative impacts to aquatic organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to aquatic organism.damage to aquatic organism.

HABs are often associated with large-scale marine HABs are often associated with large-scale marine mortality events and have been associated with mortality events and have been associated with various types of shellfish poisonings and also fin various types of shellfish poisonings and also fin fishes and other aquatic organisms .fishes and other aquatic organisms .

In IndiaIn India

• Researchers have found toxic bloom has increased Researchers have found toxic bloom has increased around 15 percent over the 12 years in Indian seas.around 15 percent over the 12 years in Indian seas.

• There was 80 harmful bloom recorded between the There was 80 harmful bloom recorded between the 1998-2010 in Indian water.1998-2010 in Indian water.

Research data was generated by- K.B Padmakumar & V.N Research data was generated by- K.B Padmakumar & V.N Sanjeevan (centre for marine living resources & Ecology, Sanjeevan (centre for marine living resources & Ecology,

Kochi)Kochi)11stst recorded observation on algal bloom in India was in recorded observation on algal bloom in India was in

1908.1908.

Worldwide Effects of HAB’sWorldwide Effects of HAB’s

Light penetration levels in water decrease Light penetration levels in water decrease altering photosynthesis rate.altering photosynthesis rate.

Algal blooms may be harmful to seagrass and Algal blooms may be harmful to seagrass and coral reef ecosystems and the connected food coral reef ecosystems and the connected food webs.webs.

Shellfish may accumulate algal toxins by feeding Shellfish may accumulate algal toxins by feeding on the toxic phytoplankton resulting in fish kills, on the toxic phytoplankton resulting in fish kills, marine mammal distress, human illness and marine mammal distress, human illness and possible death.possible death.

Reasons for Increase in Reasons for Increase in HAB’sHAB’s Global climate changes producing wider Global climate changes producing wider

ranges for some species.ranges for some species. Human contributions of increased Human contributions of increased

nutrients and pollution in coastal waters nutrients and pollution in coastal waters and also fresh waters.and also fresh waters.

Changes in local ecosystems that may Changes in local ecosystems that may allow exotic species to thrive if introduced.allow exotic species to thrive if introduced.

Some HAB’sSome HAB’s

• Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)• Redtides - neurotoxic shellfish poisoning Redtides - neurotoxic shellfish poisoning • Ciguatera-Ciguatera- Gambierdiscus toxicusGambierdiscus toxicus• AlexandriumAlexandrium• GymnodiumGymnodium• DynophysisDynophysis• Coolia monotisCoolia monotis• Prorocentrum lima.Prorocentrum lima.

Harmful effect of algal bloomHarmful effect of algal bloom

• Changes in levels of chemicals such as nitrogen Changes in levels of chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer, in the water. and phosphorus from fertilizer, in the water.

• Algal blooms can deplete the oxygen and block Algal blooms can deplete the oxygen and block the sunlight that other organisms need to live.the sunlight that other organisms need to live.

• Some can produce toxins that are harmful to the Some can produce toxins that are harmful to the health of the environment- plants, animals, and health of the environment- plants, animals, and people etc. people etc.

• Aquaculture industries.Aquaculture industries.

Control methodControl method

• BiologicaBiologica l- l- Bacteria Bacteria ( ( GymnodiniumGymnodinium mikimotoimikimotoi ) ) , , VirusVirus, , BivalvesBivalves, , zooplankton zooplankton etc.etc.

• ChemicalChemical - - Copper sulphate, Alum etc.Copper sulphate, Alum etc.

• Physical- Physical- Radiation, Air Velocity, Radiation, Air Velocity, Temperature .Temperature .

BIOFOULINGBIOFOULING

BIOFOULING OF SHIP

BIOFOULINGBIOFOULING

• Biofouling or biological fouling is the Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.

• Such accumulation is referred to as Such accumulation is referred to as epibiosis when the host surface is another epibiosis when the host surface is another organism and the relationship is not organism and the relationship is not parasitic.parasitic.

Formation of BiofoulingFormation of Biofouling

HARMFUL EFFECT OF BIOFOULINGHARMFUL EFFECT OF BIOFOULING

• In shipping industry, biofouling cause harmful effect, In shipping industry, biofouling cause harmful effect, when fouling on a ship's hull significantly increases drag, when fouling on a ship's hull significantly increases drag, reducing the overall hydrodynamic performance of the reducing the overall hydrodynamic performance of the vessel, and increases the fuel consumption.vessel, and increases the fuel consumption.

• The drag increase has been seen to decrease speeds by The drag increase has been seen to decrease speeds by up to 10%, which can require up to a 40% increase in up to 10%, which can require up to a 40% increase in fuel to compensate. fuel to compensate.

• Increased fuel use due to biofouling contributes to Increased fuel use due to biofouling contributes to adverse environmental effects and is predicted to adverse environmental effects and is predicted to increase emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide increase emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide between 38 and 72% by 2020.between 38 and 72% by 2020.

ANTIBIOFOULINGANTIBIOFOULING

Antifouling is the process of removing or preventing these Antifouling is the process of removing or preventing these accumulations from forming.accumulations from forming.

• In less controlled environments, organisms are killed or In less controlled environments, organisms are killed or repelled with coatings using biocides, thermal repelled with coatings using biocides, thermal treatments, or pulses of energy.treatments, or pulses of energy.

• Nontoxic mechanical strategies that prevent organisms Nontoxic mechanical strategies that prevent organisms from attaching include choosing a material or coating from attaching include choosing a material or coating with a slippery surface.with a slippery surface.

• Creation of nanoscale surface topologies similar to the Creation of nanoscale surface topologies similar to the skin of sharks and dolphins which only offer poor anchor skin of sharks and dolphins which only offer poor anchor points.points.

ANTIBIOFOULINGANTIBIOFOULING

Biocides :-Biocides :-• Biocides are chemical Biocides are chemical

substances that deter the substances that deter the microorganisms microorganisms responsible for biofouling. responsible for biofouling. They are incorporated They are incorporated into an antifouling surface into an antifouling surface coating, typically through coating, typically through physical adsorption or physical adsorption or through chemical through chemical modification of the modification of the surface.surface.

(A) Untreated surface, (B) biocide loaded coating that repels or kills (C) Non stick surfaces

ROLE IN WATER SUPPLIESROLE IN WATER SUPPLIES• The problems associated directly or indirectly with The problems associated directly or indirectly with

algal growths in water reservoirs and water supplies algal growths in water reservoirs and water supplies are :-are :-

1.1. Loss of recreational and fishing value due to Loss of recreational and fishing value due to Microcystics, Spirogyra, Cladophora, Microcystics, Spirogyra, Cladophora, andand Pithophora Pithophora..

2.2. Importing of abnormal tastes and odours by the Importing of abnormal tastes and odours by the metabolic or decomposition product of such nuisance metabolic or decomposition product of such nuisance organisms as organisms as Synura, Asterionella Anabaena, Synura, Asterionella Anabaena, Microcystis Microcystis andand Dinobryon Dinobryon . .

3.3. Clogging of water filters by Clogging of water filters by Oscillatoria, SpirogyraOscillatoria, Spirogyra, and , and certain diotoms, thereby shortening the filter runs certain diotoms, thereby shortening the filter runs leading to serious economic losses.leading to serious economic losses.

ROLE IN WATER SUPPLIESROLE IN WATER SUPPLIES

1.1. Colouration of such waters, for example, by Colouration of such waters, for example, by Chlorella, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Euglena Chlamydomonas, Euglena andand Oscillatoria Oscillatoria..

2.2. Spoilage of the product quality of the food, Spoilage of the product quality of the food, pharmaceutical, and pulp industries using such waters.pharmaceutical, and pulp industries using such waters.

3.3. Production of toxin substance.Production of toxin substance.4.4. Corrosion of concrete and metallic walls of pipes and Corrosion of concrete and metallic walls of pipes and

boilers by carbonic, oxalic, and silicic acids excreted by boilers by carbonic, oxalic, and silicic acids excreted by algae, example algae, example Anacystis and Chaetophora.Anacystis and Chaetophora.

5.5. Interference with water purification.Interference with water purification.6.6. Change in the pH, and bicarbonate and oxygen Change in the pH, and bicarbonate and oxygen

content of such water.content of such water.

WATER TREATMENTWATER TREATMENT

• In water treatment plant, the raw water is In water treatment plant, the raw water is chlorinated in order to kill algae and other chlorinated in order to kill algae and other micro-organisms.micro-organisms.

• A better method for algal control consist of A better method for algal control consist of introducing suitable crustaceans or fish introducing suitable crustaceans or fish fingerlings into the water body.fingerlings into the water body.

ANCIENT MONUMENTSANCIENT MONUMENTS

• An old building or An old building or site that is site that is preserved by an preserved by an algal member. algal member. The algal growth The algal growth increase on the increase on the wall of building wall of building and damage the and damage the beauty of wall.beauty of wall.

Biological growths as a cause of Biological growths as a cause of stone decaystone decay• When the stone is exposed to rainfall or conditions of When the stone is exposed to rainfall or conditions of

high humidity, since biological growths are most active high humidity, since biological growths are most active under such conditions. Many organisms secrete acids under such conditions. Many organisms secrete acids and other substances as a result of their metabolic and other substances as a result of their metabolic processes which may affect rockforming minerals and processes which may affect rockforming minerals and can be destructive to stone.can be destructive to stone.

• Colour changes on stone surfaces have been attributed Colour changes on stone surfaces have been attributed to biological causes.to biological causes.

• Recent studies suggested that the action of lichens, Recent studies suggested that the action of lichens, bacteria and algae might account for the presence of bacteria and algae might account for the presence of observed stone decay.observed stone decay.

Algal growth and sandstone porosityAlgal growth and sandstone porosity

Two aspects of porosity may affect Two aspects of porosity may affect biological growths :-biological growths :-

• Pore volumePore volume• Controls the amount of water which can be held by a Controls the amount of water which can be held by a

sandstonesandstone

• Pore sizePore size• controls water availability and the space inside the controls water availability and the space inside the

stone which is available for colonizationstone which is available for colonization

Effects of stonecleaning treatments Effects of stonecleaning treatments on algal growthon algal growth• There is no stonecleaning method which is There is no stonecleaning method which is

capable of removing the soiling from a stone capable of removing the soiling from a stone without also affecting the stone itself in some without also affecting the stone itself in some way.way.

• Abrasive cleaning methods, which work by Abrasive cleaning methods, which work by abrading the soiling layer, inevitably also result abrading the soiling layer, inevitably also result in some loss of material from the stone.in some loss of material from the stone.

• The common perception of this soiling is that it is The common perception of this soiling is that it is simply an accumulation of dirt on the stonework.simply an accumulation of dirt on the stonework.

Effects of stonecleaning treatments Effects of stonecleaning treatments on algal growthon algal growthChemical cleaning :- Chemical cleaning :- • On sandstones treated with chemical cleaning Method A On sandstones treated with chemical cleaning Method A

there were periods during which more algal growth was there were periods during which more algal growth was observed on treated samples than on nontreated (i.e. observed on treated samples than on nontreated (i.e. untreated and roughened) samples.untreated and roughened) samples.

• On sandstones cleaned using Method B the results On sandstones cleaned using Method B the results indicated either more algal growth on untreated samples indicated either more algal growth on untreated samples or showed no consistently different pattern of algal or showed no consistently different pattern of algal growth compared to nontreated samples.growth compared to nontreated samples.

Method A contained 28% H3PO4

Method B contained 1.3% H3PO4

Effects of stonecleaning treatments Effects of stonecleaning treatments on algal growthon algal growth

Porosity changes :-Porosity changes :-• While the porosity of a stone can affect the growth of While the porosity of a stone can affect the growth of

microorganisms,microorganisms can also affect the microorganisms,microorganisms can also affect the porosity of a stone both through physically blocking porosity of a stone both through physically blocking porosity and by actively changing porosity through the porosity and by actively changing porosity through the production of acidic or chelating secretions or by exerting production of acidic or chelating secretions or by exerting physical forces on surrounding grains.physical forces on surrounding grains.

• Chemically cleaned sandstones may acquire algal Chemically cleaned sandstones may acquire algal growths relatively rapidly due to dissolution and pitting of growths relatively rapidly due to dissolution and pitting of mineral grains which increases the microporosity of the mineral grains which increases the microporosity of the stone.stone.

ConclusionsConclusions

• A harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that causes A harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to aquatic organisms via production of negative impacts to aquatic organisms via production of natural toxins, mechanical damage to aquatic organism.natural toxins, mechanical damage to aquatic organism.

• Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.surfaces.

• Some impact may be notice in the water supplies also.Some impact may be notice in the water supplies also.• An old building or site that is preserved by an algal An old building or site that is preserved by an algal

member. The algal growth increase on the wall of member. The algal growth increase on the wall of building and damage the beauty of wallbuilding and damage the beauty of wall..

ReferencesReferences

• Kumar, H.D. (1999): Introductory Phycology, Affiliated Kumar, H.D. (1999): Introductory Phycology, Affiliated East West Press Ltd., New Delhi.East West Press Ltd., New Delhi.

• Morris, I. (1986): An Introduction to the Algae, Morris, I. (1986): An Introduction to the Algae, Cambridge University Press, U.K.Cambridge University Press, U.K.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofoulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling

• http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mialga.htmhttp://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mialga.htm

• http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=ALGAL+BLOOMhttp://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=ALGAL+BLOOM