الرحمن الله بسمالرحیمط

Redwanullah memlawal2012-Mphil-1504

De-Worming of Animals

De-Worming of Animals:

According to a careful estimate, 42% animals are affected by different types of worms.

The worms adversely affect efficiency of the animals and cause a financial loss to their owners.

The worms in animals are more in those areas where animals graze more,than in those areas where animals graze less.

Cont…. There are more worms in those animals

which eat dried feed than in those which eat green fodder.

Similarly more worms are found in younger animals than in older ones.

One important reason of lesser rate of growth in younger animals in Pakistan is the presence of worms in them.

Signs of worm infested Animals:DiarrhoeaLoss of weightSoil licking and eating pieces of clothDelay in pubertyWeakness and slow growthDecrease in milk productionDeath at an early ageThin and rough skin

Types of Worms:

Worms are usually of two types:

1. Internal parasites (worms)

2. External parasites

Internal Parasites (Worms):

According to an estimate, the mortality rate among the younger animals of 6 months to one year old due to internal worms is 25-30%.

Internal worms include round worms, stomach worms, lung worms, liver flukes and intestinal worms.

Worms of stomach and intestines:These worms attack the animals mostly at the

end of the summer season and the beginning of the winter season.

They stick to the walls of the stomach and intestines and suck the blood of the animal.

Symptoms:Animals become anaemicThe animals take up more feed, yet become weakerLoss of water in the body, diarrhea and sometimes presence of blood in excretionsRough and dry skin

Lung Worms:

These worms grow in the lungs or in the trachea/windpipe.

Their presence causes swelling in the trachea/windpipe

and the animal breathes with difficulty.

Symptoms:CoughingPhlegm in nostrilsPneumonia is possibleThe animal breathes with open mouth in case of

intensity of sickness

Liver flukes:

These worms are flat like a leaf. They occur mostly in animals residing in areas

affected by water-logging and salinity. When animals swim in polluted ponds and

drink their water, these worms go into the stomach.

Their larvae reach the liver of the animals through blood vessels.

Symptoms:The animal becomes weaker and thinner and

produces less milkBlurry eyesHair fallSwelling of the body part between the fore

limbs, on the neck and under the jaws

External Parasites:

These parasites are found on external skin. Mostly blood-sucking parasites.

Cause spread of fatal diseases in the animals.

They include lice, ticks, flies and mosquitoes, etc.

Ticks:These parasites not only suck the blood of the

animals but also cause the spread of fatal diseases.

They are mostly found on the softer parts of the animals’ skin like the udder and between the legs.

A very dangerous disease Theleriosis (tick fever) is due to the fever caused by ticks.

Symptoms:The animal becomes weak because of loss of blood.

Their skin becomes rough and dry.

Milk production decreases.

The animal becomes restless.

The possibility of abortion rises.

Paralysis attack is possible.

Holes appear on the skin and they become likewounds.

Lice:

Lice are of two kinds:1. Biting lice 2. Blood-sucking liceThe lice stick to the skin of the animals and their eggs

stick to their hair.

Symptoms:

Animal shows restlessness. Animal becomes weak.Continuous scratching or rubbing of the skin with the

walls makes the skin red and these scratches become wounds.

Control of Parasites:

Keep animals’ sheds clean.There should not be any holes/cracks in the

walls or roofs.Spray sheds with insecticides after removing

the animals from their sheds.De- worm animals regularly.Whitewash the water troughs of the animals

with limestone powder for protection against microbes.

Selection of De -Wormer:

These points should be kept in mind when de-wormer are being chosen:

Determine the quantity of the medicine according to the weight of the animal.

Easy to administerChoosing the most effective medicineLess expensivePersonal safetyEffectiveness of the medicine / A reliable

company

What is deworming?

Sometimes known as Worming or Drenching is the giving of an Anthelmintic drug (a wormer, dewormer, or drench) to an animal

Classification

Four families of drugs for internal parasites

Benzimidazoles (white dewormers) – Albendazole,

Fenbendazole, and Oxybendazole

Imidazothiazoles –Pyrantel, Levamisole, and

Moratel

Macrolytic Lactones or Avermectins - Ivermectin

(Ivomec), Doramectin, and Moxidectin

Praziquantel

Cont:

Albendazole – effective against threadworms, roundworms, whipworms, tapeworms, hookworms

Mebendazole – effective against pinworms, roundworms and hookworms

Thiabendazole – effective against roundworms, hookworms

Fenbendazole – effective against gastrointestinal parasites

Triclabendazole – effective against liver flukes

Cont…Flubendazole – effective against most

intestinal parasites

Niclosamide – effective against tapeworms

Ivermectin – effective against most common intestinal worms .

Mode of action of Antihelminthics drugs

Levamisole, pyrantel and morantel: are agonists at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of nematode muscle and cause spastic paralysis.

Piperazine: is a GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid) agonist at receptors on nematode muscles and causes flaccid paralysis.

avermectins: increase the opening of glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels and produce paralysis of pharyngeal pumping.

Praziquantel: has a selective effect on the tegument of trematodes and increases permeability of calcium.

Benzimidazole: drugs bind selectively to beta-tubulin of nematodes, cestodes and fluke, and inhibit microtubule formation.

Guideline for AnthelminticDosages

Albendazole 20 mg/kg (Not in 1st trimester)

Fenbendazole- 10 mg/kg

Ivermectin- 0.4 mg/kg

Levamisole- 12 mg/kg

Moxidectin- 0.5 mg/kg

Control of worms with wormecide

This involved the strategic use of anthelmntics at the following periods in the year :

1- preventive treatment early in the raining season.

2- Treatment mid season and early dry season to reduce pasture contamination .

Spectrum of Anthelmintics

Deworming in sheep/goat

Sheep and goats are susceptible to worms due to their close grazing behavior and slow-to-develop immunity. Goats are more susceptible than sheep when forced to graze (versus browse)

Lambs should be wormed at approximately 8 weeks of age, and again every 4-8 weeks until a year of age.

Ewes should be wormed 2-4 weeks before lambing to reduce the passage of parasites to the lambs.

Does in early pregnancy (up to 2 months) should not be dewormed to avoid abortion.

At least once per year, goats/sheep should be dewormed for tapeworms.

Cattle and Buffalo

Cattle can be infected by roundworms (nematodes), tapeworms (cestodes) and flukes (trematode)

Roundworms are considered the most economically devastating internal parasites of livestock1. The barber pole worm (Haemonchus)2. The small brown stomach worm (Ostertagia)3. Cooperia

Anthelmintics ResistanceDrug resistance in parasites is extremely common.

The effectiveness of an Anthelmintics should always

be tested before being used.

Do not worm unnecessarily

Make sure you are giving the correct dose. Don’t

overdose or under dose

Change the type of wormer used so you are using a

different type of drug to prevent resistance

Thank You