I slit a sheet, a sheet I slit, upon

a slitted sheet I sit.

A big black bug bit a big black bear.

But where is the big black bear that

the big black bug bit?

TASTE came from the Latin word taxare,which means “to touch, estimate, or judge.”

a. The tongue is vital for chewing andswallowing food, as well as for speech.

b. The tongue has many nerves that helpdetect and transmit taste signals to the brain.

c. The four common tastes are sweet,sour, bitter and salty.

Taste. The taste buds, the sensory

receptors for taste, are located on

the tongue.

Speech. The movements of the

tongue are crucial for articulation.

Chewing and swallowing. The tongue

helps the teeth and other parts of the

mouth with chewing food and passing it

down the throat as the first part of the

swallowing process.

Cleaning. The movements of the tongue

dislodge food particles stuck between the

teeth, gum and cheek so that it can be

spat out or swallowed.

5 main functions of tongue:

1. To taste food

2. To keep food between the

teeth during chewing

3. To help swallowing

4. To help to clean the teeth

5. To help speaking

The top of the tongue (superior surface) has a V-shaped line known as the terminal sulcus that divides the tongue into the anterior and posterior surfaces.

Anterior surface is made up of the apex at the tip and body.

Posterior surface is made up entirely of the root.

Inferior surface of the tongue (underside) is also made up of the body and apex.

Midline groove divides the anterior

part of the tongue into the left and

right parts.

Sublingual papillae (caruncle) is

located on either side of the base of

the frenulum and it is the opening for

the ducts of the submandibular gland

(salivary gland)

RootLocated between the hyoid bone and

mandible.

Dorsal portion sits in the oropharynx.

Attaches the tongue to roof of the mouth

BodyMakes up the anterior two-thirds of the

tongue.

Rough surface due to the lingual papillae.

Surrounded by anterior and lateral teeth.

Mobile portion of the tongue.

Also known as the tip, is the

anterior one-third of the anterior

tongue surface.

Rests against the incisor teeth.

Highly mobile

Apex

The papillae contain the taste buds

and are located on the anterior

surface (body and tip) of the tongue

Contains taste buds (chemo-

receptors), which helps us identify

between different tastes of food.

Vallet Papillae

are large and flat papillae

arranged in a V-shaped row just

in front (anterior) of the terminal

sulcus.

are poorly developed folds on

the side of the tongue.

Foliate Papillae

Filiform Papillae

are long, conical, pinkish

gray projections that are

sensitive to touch.

Fungiform Papillae

are pink to red spots

distributed between the

filiform papillae and are

most dense at the apex and

margins of the tongue.

The main function of

tonsils is to serve as the

first line of defense in

the immune system.

Palatine Tonsils

In between the anterior and

posterior pillars of oropharynx

Nasopharyngeal Tonsils

Located on the nasopharynx

Tubl Tonsils

Near opening of Eustachian

tubes

Lingual Tonsils

In the base of the tongue

Toncillar Patches

In posterior pharyngeal wall

They help in

fighting reaction

Secure of holds the tongue

in place inside the mouth

Structures located in the

surface of the tongue and

contains receptors to taste.

Genioglossus Muscle

a flat, fan-shaped muscle that runs from the front

of the lower jaw into the tongue from tip to base.

Contraction of these muscles (on either side) makes the

tongue stick out as its whole foundation is pulled

forward.

Geniohyoid Muscle

a flat, strap like muscle, which passes from the

side of the tongue down to one arm of the wishbone-

shaped hyoid bone in the throat. Movement of these

muscles pulls the sides of the tongue downward.

Intrinsic Muscles

are a block of muscles that are for fine

movements. Allows a range of complex

movements for chewing, sucking and

swallowing, as well as the vital function of

making sounds to produce speech.

Palatoglossal arch and the palatoglossal muscle

are connected to the sides and back of

the tongue and run to the rear of the palate to

lift the sides of the tongue when they are

contracted.

Why doesn’t food taste as good when

you have cold?

It’s because the sensation of taste

is closely tied to your sense of smell.

The combination of your taste buds and

the smell of food is what makes your

brain recognize a taste . When you

have a cold, your nose gets clogged and

you can’t smell as well as you normally

can, so in your head, foods don’t taste

the same because you’re not getting

the normal amount of “taste

information” from your nose.

TASTE came from the Latin

word taxare, which means

“to touch, estimate, or

judge.”

The four common tastes

are sweet, sour, bitter

and salty.

Detected by a variety of G protein coupled

receptors coupled to the G protein

gustducin found on the taste buds

Sweetness is often connected to

aldehydes and ketones, which contain

a carbonyl group.

Can bind with varying bond strength to two

different sweetness receptors.

It detects acidity. The sourness of

substances is rated relative to dilute HCl,

which has a sourness index of 1.

By a small subset of cells that are

distributed across all taste buds in the

tongue, sour taste is detected.

By the presence of sodium ions,

saltiness is produced. Other ions of

the alkali metals group also taste

salty, but the further from sodium

the less salty the sensation is

The most sensitive among the

other tastes and many distinguish

it as unpleasant, sharp, or

distasteful, but sometimes it is

desirable and intentionally added

via bittering agents.

The facial nerve monitors all the taste buds

located on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the

posterior one-third of the tongue are innervated by the

glossopharangeal nerve. The vagus nerve innervates

taste buds scattered on the surface of the epiglottis.

The sensory afferents carried by these cranial nerves

synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata

and the axons of the postsynaptic neurons enter the

medial lemniscus, there, the neurons join axons that

carry somatic sensory information on touch, pressure,

and popriception, after another synapse in the

thalamus, the information is projected to the

appropriated portions of the primary sensory cortex.

Other general sensation of the tongue is provided by the

sensory afferents in the trigeminal nerve.

Conditions characterized by

an alteration in gustatory

function or perception.

Taste disorders are

frequently associated with

OLFACTION DISORDERS.

1. medications

2. upper respiratory and middle ear

infections

3. radiation for treatment of head and neck

cancers

4.exposure to certain chemicals

5. head injury

6. some surgeries

7. poor oral hygiene and dental problems

8. smoking

PHANTOM TASTE PERCEPTION

tasting something when nothing is

in the mouth.

HYPOGEUSIA

reduced ability to taste sweet,

sour, bitter, salty, and savory, or

umami.

DYSGEUSIA

condition in which a foul, salty,

rancid, or metallic taste sensation

will persist in the mouth.

AGUESIA

can't detect taste at all.

Caused by head trauma; some

surgical procedures.

1. Almost half of the bacteria in your

mouth live on your tongue.

2. The bumps on your tongue are called

papillae, and they contain your taste

buds.

3. Your tongue has about 10,000 taste

buds, which are replaced every two

weeks.

4. 85 percent of people can curl their

tongue into a tube.

5. Every person has a unique tongue

print, like fingerprints.

6. Your tongue is the only muscle in your

body that is attached

7. at only one end, and the most flexible.

8. Your tongue is the fastest healing body

part.

9. Your tongue is made up of eight

muscles.

10. The human tongue is an average of

four inches long