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Bioactivity of nanoparticles and allelochemicals on stored grain pest

perticularly Sitophilus oryzae

DOCTORAL SEMINAR

ON

SPEAKERYEETESH KUMAR

Ph.D 1st year, 1st sem.

• Stored grain infestation is a very serious problem as various life stages of insects cause economic damage and deteriorates the quality of food grains and food products.

• There are number of stored grain insect pests that infest food grains in farmer stores and public ware houses.

• Few major stored grain pests are Sitophilus oryzae Linn. (Rice weevil), Trogaderma granarium (Khapra beetle), Rhizopertha dominica (Fabr) (Lesser grain borer), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Rust red flour beetle), Sitotraga cerealella (Olive), Grain and flour moth, Bruchus chinensis (Pulse beetle).

• The overall damage caused by these insect pests, worldwide is estimated to be 10-40% annually (Upadhyay and Ahmad).

• Therefore, there is an urgent need to maintain stored quality and its proper management.

Introduction

• Few important methods such as microwave and ionizing irradiation, pheromone baited traps, IGRs and use of entomopathogens are proved highly effective against stored grain insects.

• Over these methods, repellents and oviposition inhibitors like allelochemicals isolated from various plant species and nanoparticles are considered as much safer in comparison to synthetic pesticides.

• These natural pesticides have no side effect and are biodegradable in natural environment.

• However, non-residual non-persistent and less toxic bio-organic pesticides should be used that may not affect the quality of food grains.

Bioactivity of nanoparticles on stored grain pest perticularly Sitophilus oryzae

• The word “Nano” is developed from the Greek word meaning “dwarf”.

• One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10-9, of a meter.

• Often nanometers refers to- Extremely small. Means reducing the size of the smallest structures to the nanoscale.

•Nanoparticles (which are 1-100 nm in diameter) are agglomerated atom by atom, and their size (and some-times shape) may be maintained by specific experimental procedure (Roy, 2009).

• Thus, nanotechnology has become one of the most promising new technologies in the recent decade.

• Nanoparticles help to produce new pesticides, insecticides and insect repellants (Owolade et al., 2008).

• Also, researchers believe that nanotechnology will revolutionize agriculture including pest management in the near future (Bhattacharyya et al., 2010).

• Little research has been carried out to investigate the toxicity effect of nanoparticles on insects specially storage pest.

Nanoparticals used against stored grain pest management

Silver nanoparticles like; AgNO3,Silica like; diatomaceous earth, synthetic silica

(SiO2), sands, Silica Aerogel Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), Zinc oxide (ZnO),Copper oxide (Cu2O),Titanium dioxide (TiO2 )

Bioactivity of silver nanoparticals on stored grain pest• Green Ag NPs have been synthesized

using various natural products like Azadirachta indica (Tripathi et al., 2009); Glycine max (Vivekanandhan et al.,2009) and Camellia sinensis (Begum et al.,2009).

• Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by abduz et al., 2012 using aqueous leaves extracts of

Euphorbia prostrata to determine the pesticidal activity and efficacies of aqueous leaves extracts of E. prostrata, silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution (1mM) and synthesized Ag NPs against the adult of Sitophilus oryzae L.

• They found that the leaves aqueous extracts of E. prostrata, and synthesized Ag NPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the S. oryzae.

• They concluded that the nano silver is not effective on adults; this may be due to cuticle but it shows effective entomotoxic potential against larval stage.

• Examples of such mechanisms include generation of reactive oxygen Types, oxidative stress, membrane disruption, protein unfolding, and/or inflammation (Bragg & Rannie, 1974).

• Goswami et al., 2010 observed 90 % mortality of S. oryzae by using Silver nanoparticals.

• Rouhani et al., 2012 conducted laboratory trials to determine the effectiveness of silica nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles on larval stage and adults of Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea seed.

• They found the both nanoparticles (silica and silver) were highly effective on adults and larvae with 100% and 83% mortality, respectively.

• Diatomaceous earth and synthetic silica have been used as insecticides in the form of inert dusts.

• Debnath et al. (2010) found 80-95% rice weevil S. oryzae mortality by using of different amorphous nano sized hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and lipophilic, surface functionalized silica nanoparticle diatomaceous earth @ 1g/kg of seed.

• Besides natural DE artificially modified CaDE are also being made which have shown insecticidal repellent and ovicidal activity against Callasobrnchus maculates.

• Similaly silica aerogel that contain sodium silicate is used as a non-hygroscopie powder to control field and store gram insects [Quarles 1992].

Bioactivity of Silica nanoparticals on stored grain pest

• Vani and Brindhaa, 2013 evaluated the entomotoxic effect of silica nanoparticles against the stored grain pest Corcyra cephalonica. They found the amorphous silica nanoparticles causes 100% mortality.

• The insecticidal quality of DE is due to the razor sharp edges of the diatom remains.

• As the insects crawl through treated grain and dusted bins, the DE comes contact with the insects and the sharp edges puncture the insect’s exoskeleton.

• The powdery DE then absorbs the body fluids causing death from dehydration (Sabbour, 2014).

• Inert dusts are chemically unreactive dusts that have insecticidal capability, killing by physical rather than chemical means.

• This may be one of the possible reasons for which there is an age-old tradition of using silica dust as protective agent for stored seeds by different ethnic races all over the world (Ebeling, 1971).

• In Canada and the USA, diatomaceous earth is registered as an animal feed additive and silicon dioxide is registered as a human food additive.

• Stadler et al. (2010) successfully applied nano alumina against two stored grain pests like S. oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica.

Bioactivity of Aluminium oxide nanoparticals on stored grain pest

• Also, it is known that aluminosilicate filled nanotube can stick to plant surfaces while nano ingredients of nanotube have the ability to stick to the surface hair of insect pests and ultimately enters the body and influences certain physiological functions (Patil, 2009).

• Sabbour , 2012 and Salem et al., 2015 reported the nano particles of alumenium oxide is highly effective against Sitophilus oryzae and highly reduced the insect infestations and highly oviposition deterrent.

• Goswami et al., 2010 observed 86 % mortality of S. oryzae by using Aluminium nanoparticals.

• Sabbour, 2013b and Salem et al., 2015 reported the effectivity of Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-particle in decreasing the infestation of S. oryzae .

• Goswami et al., 2010 observed 65 % mortality of S. oryzae by using Zinc nanoparticals.

• Acc. To Attia et al., 2015 Zinc oxide act as feeding deterrent to the insect and destruction of the natural water barrier in the waxy layer of the insect cuticle.

Bioactivity of Zinc oxide nanoparticals on stored grain pest

• Wan et al. (2005) reported the effect two nanoparticles mixture; zinc oxide and copper oxide was effective on the mite Epitrimerus pyri (Nalepa).

Bioactivity of Copper oxide nanoparticals on stored grain pest

• Rouhani et al. (2011) reported the insecticidal activity of TiO2 nanoparticles on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and showed the most mortality effect pertained to 70% TiO2 (LC50=195.27 mg/L).

• Sabbour, 2012 and Goswami et al. (2010) found highly reduced infestations of S. oryzae under laboratory and store conditions by using the nano particles of titanium oxide.

• Acc. to Attia et al., 2015 Titanium dioxide act as feeding deterrent to the insect and destruction of the natural water barrier in the waxy layer of the insect cuticle.

Bioactivity of Titanium dioxide nanoparticals on stored grain pest

• Tissue of higher plants contain arrays of biochemicals, known as “secondary plant chemicals” (or alleochemicals), which are defensive in function.

• They include alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, saponins, resins, essential oils, various organic acids and other compounds.

• It is well known that secondary plant metabolites may act as kairomones, allomones, stimulants or deterents of feeding and oviposition, and as antifeedants, insecticides and insect hormone mimics.

Bioactivity of allelochemicals on stored grain pest perticularly Sitophilus oryzae

• Talukder, 2006 reported some plant allelochemicals used as commercial insecticides and stored grain protectants:

Allelochemicals used against stored grain pest management

Cinnamaldehyde1, 8-cineolCineoleOleoresinLinaloolPipercideLimonenealkaloid ricinine

AzadirachtinNicotinePyrethrinsPiperitone oxidesAcorinKarenjinAnnonacinDiallyl sulphate

• Source plant- Neem (Azadirachta indica).

• Mode of action- Fumigant, repellent, antifeedent, contact toxic and oviposition deterrent..

• Effective against- Adult of S. oryzae and Rhizopertha dominica.

Bioactivity of Azadirachtin on stored grain pest

Bioactivity of Nicotine on stored grain pest• Source plant- Tobacco (Nicotiana

tabacum).• Mode of action- Fumigant, contact and

stomach poison.• Effective against- 2 g (w/w) mixed

with 500 cowpea seeds significantly reduced the numbers of eggs laid by C. maculatus and reduced subsequent egg hatch by 75%.

• 30% medium-grade tobacco dust admixed with maize reduced damage by natural infestations of S. zeamais and S. cerealella over a 33-week storage period.

Bioactivity of Pyrethrins on stored grain pest• Source plant- Chrysanthemum

(Crysanthemum cinerariaefolium).• Mode of action- Fumigant, contact

poision, repellent, oviposition deterrent.

• Effective against- C. chinensis.• 5 mg/kg admixed with mung bean seed

caused 1 00% mortality in adult C. chinensis within 24 h and prevented egg-laying

Bioactivity of Piperitone oxides on stored grain pest• Source plant- Mentha (Mentha

longifolia).• Mode of action- Fumigant, antifeedent

and repellant action.• Effective against- Oil of mentha is used

as good fumigant against S. oryzae.• Repellent for all life stages of

Sitophilus zeamais.

Bioactivity of Acorin on stored grain pest• Source plant- Root of sweet flag (Acorus calamus).• Mode of action- Fumigant and repellant action.• Effective against- Oil and dust are used for controlling S.

oryzae.

Bioactivity of Karenjin on stored grain pest• Source plant- Karanza (Pongamia

pinnata, Pongamia glabra).• Mode of action- Antifeedent, Juvenile

hormone and repellent effect.• Effective against- Surface protective

aginst S. oryzae, Callosobruchus beetle, R. dominica, S. cerealella and other stored grain pest.

• 200 ppm admixed with wheat caused 100% mortality in adult S. oryzae and 80% mortality in adult R. dominica within 24 h when assessed 15 days after treatment.

Bioactivity of Annonacin on stored grain pest• Source plant- Custard apple (Annona

squamosa).• Mode of action- Feeding deterrent,

Disruption of growth, reduced oviposition and reduced adult emergence.

• Effective against- Powdered seed applied to wheet and rice grain act as a grain protectants against S. oryzae and Callosobruchus chinensis.

Bioactivity of Diallyl sulphate on stored grain pest• Source plant- Garlic (Allium sativum).• Mode of action- Repellent effect and

reduction the fecundity.• Effective against- S. zeamais, C.

cephalonica larvae, C. chinensis and T. castaneum.

Bioactivity of Cinnamaldehyde on stored grain pest• Source plant- Thymus (Thymus

percicus ).• Mode of action- Fumigant action.• Effective against- 15 µl/litre of air

in a fumigation chamber caused less than 70% mortality in adult O. surinamensis, S. oryzae, C. maculates, Tribolium castaneum and R. dominica following 24 h of exposure.

Bioactivity of 1, 8-cineol on stored grain pest• Source plant- Ajwain (Carum

copticum).• Mode of action- Fumigant action.• Effective against- Seed powder

effective for mortality of S. oryzae (all stages), R. dominica. and T. granarium.

Bioactivity of Cineole on stored grain pest• Source plant- Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus

spp. ).• Mode of action- Fumigant, repellent and

ovicidal action.• Effective against- S. oryzae, Adult of S.

cerealella, T. castaneum, C. chinensis, C. cephalonica and Rhizopertha dominica.

Bioactivity of oleoresin on stored grain pest• Source plant- Turmeric (Curcuma

longa).• Mode of action- Growth inhibitors,

oviposition deterrent and repellent action.

• Effective against- S. oryzae, C. maculatus and T. castaneum.

• 4% powder (w/w) admixed with rice and stored for 6 months reduced S. oryzae.

Bioactivity of Linalool on stored grain pest• Source plant- Hoary or American basil

(Ocimum canum).• Mode of action- Repellent activity,

Linalool is an oxygenated monoterpenoid which acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.

• Effective against- S. oryzae, R. dominica and O. surinamensis

Bioactivity of pipercide on stored grain pest• Source plant- Black pepper (Piper

nigrum).• Mode of action- Repellent activity and

oviposition deterrent.• Effective against- S. oryzae, S.

zeamais, R. dominica, C. chinensis and O. surinamensis.

Bioactivity of limonene on stored grain pest• Source plant- Rosemary (Rosmarinus

officinalis).• Mode of action- Fumigant and

repellent effect.• Effective against- Adult R. dominica,

O. surinamensis and S. oryzae.

Bioactivity of alkaloid ricinine on stored grain pest• Source plant- Castor (Ricinus

communis).• Mode of action- Antifeedent

effect.• Effective against- S. oryzae, C.

maculatus and C. chinensis.• 10 ml oil/kg admixed with maize

caused 100% mortality in adult S. oryzae within 3 h.

CONCLUSION

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