Bibliography and referencesPRESENTED BYSRINIVASA.VRESEARCH SCHOLARDEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEBUB

contents*What is a Bibliography

*Types of Bibliographies

*Elements in bibliography

*Formats of bibliography

*Difference between reference and bibliography

*Conclusion

What is a Bibliography

*bibliography a science of the transmission of literary documents

*A bibliography is an orderly list of resources on a particular subject

*A bibliography provides the full reference information for all the sources which you may have consulted in preparing a particular project

*The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to trace the sources used

Types of Bibliographies

1)Analytical Bibliography

2)Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography

3)Bibliographies for Non-book Sources

Analytical BibliographyAn annotated bibliography is a the study of books as physical objects like list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. Analytical bibliography may deal with the history of printers and booksellers, with the description of paper or bindings, or with textual matters arising during the progression from writer’s manuscript to published book

Enumerative (Systematic) BibliographySystematic or enumerative bibliography may be defined as the preparation of lists of books in short, the compilation of bibliographies which list describe and arrange all graphic materials according to their affinity with each other for reference or study.

1)Analytical Bibliography*Descriptive (Physical) Bibliography*Historical Bibliography*Textual Bibliography

2)Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography*Serial Bibliography*Current Bibliography*Period Bibliography

3)Bibliographies for Non-book Sources*Discography*Webography (Webliography) or Internet Bibliography*Filmography

Elements in bibliography

*Author*Title of document*Date ( year of publication)*Place of publication*Edition*Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number)*Series

Formats of bibliography

1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(APA)

2. Chicago Manual of Style(CBE)

3. Modern language Association(MLA)

Referencing in APA, Chicago and MLA for books – Examples APADarwin, C. (2006). On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover Publications.

Chicago Manual of StyleDarwin, Charles. 2006. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover Publications.

MLADarwin, Charles. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover Publications, 2006.

Chicago Manual of StyleFor a BookAuthor(last name first).Title of the book, City: Publisher, Date of publicationExampleGodin, Seth. Purple cow: Transform your business by being Remarkable. New York: Upper Saddle River, 2002.

For an EncyclopediaEncyclopedia Title, Edition Date. Volume Number, "Article Title," page numbersThe Encyclopedia Britannica 1997, Volume 7, “Gorillas,” pp 51-55.

For a magazineAuthor (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page numbers. ExampleJordan, Jennifer, “Filming on top of the world.” Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 7 (winter 1998) pp-1

REFERENCE

the detailed description of the document from which you have obtained your information. Referencing is a way of demonstrating that you have done that reading.

Reference Vs. Bibliography

*The terms References and Bibliography are often used same, but there is a difference in meaning between them.

*References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your work, and your list of sources at the end of the assignment will be headed References.

*Bibliography is a list of everything you read -whether or not you referred specifically to it .

* A bibliography can give a tutor an overview of which authors have influenced your ideas and arguments even if you do not specifically refer to them.

Why do we need reference?*To acknowledge others works

*To allow others (readers) to find the original sources easily (cited reference)

*To get recognition & authentication of the work.

*To make the work informative. (Quality)

*To trace the intellectual development of the ideas you present.

Source of References*Book

*Journal

*Newspaper / magazine

*Conference paper/proceedings

*Institutional / Government publication

*Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, DatabasesTheses/ Reports/ unpublished works etc.

Some basics

*Work by Three to Five Authors:List all the authors the first time you cite the source. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)In subsequent citations, (Kernis et al., 1993)

*Organization as an Author:If the author is an organization or a government agency, According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...If the organization has a well-known abbreviationFirst citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Continued.....

*Two or More Works (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)Authors With the Same Last Name:use first initials (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

*Personal Communication:For interviews, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name and the date of the communication. E.g.(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Summary*Referencing are important part of research work.

*It is a way of acknowledging others work and helps to avoid plagiarism.

*There are several referencing style manuals.

*Which style to follow depends on the field of research and university guidelinesThe most important thing is to be consistent with a particular referencing styles.

*There are several referencing tools and software available (which makes things simpler!) but still manual checking for their correctness is necessary.

References

1 MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: process in bibliography: Yale University Press.2 United bibliography stylebook: The authoritative handbook for writers, editors, and news directors (3rd ed.). (1992). Lincolnwood, Il: National.3 Rangachri. (Ed.). (1996). The new catalog in references and utility(3rd ed.). 332-3354 Introduction to bibliography and phases of research.,G.K.Ranganath

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