Behcet’s Disease Behcet’s Disease Iman Galal Iman Galal Pulmonary Medicine Department Pulmonary Medicine Department Ain Shams University Ain Shams University E-mail: [email protected]E-mail: [email protected]
Behcets DiseaseBehcets Disease Iman GalalIman Galal Pulmonary
Medicine DepartmentPulmonary Medicine Department Ain Shams
UniversityAin Shams University E-mail:
[email protected]: [email protected]
Page 2 Historical Aspect:Historical Aspect: In 1937,In 1937,
Prof. Hulusi Behet,Prof. Hulusi Behet, aa Turkish
dermatologistTurkish dermatologist (1889-1948),(1889-1948),
described a syndrome characterized bydescribed a syndrome
characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers,
&recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, & hypopyon uveitis
of unknown cause.hypopyon uveitis of unknown cause.
Page 3 Epidemiology:Epidemiology: Disease prevalence &
expression vary geographically & itDisease prevalence &
expression vary geographically & it affects people in the
Middle Eastern or Far East moreaffects people in the Middle Eastern
or Far East more often than those from other regions.often than
those from other regions. Turkey has the highest prevalence: 80-370
cases perTurkey has the highest prevalence: 80-370 cases per
100,000 population.100,000 population.
Page 4 Epidemiology:Epidemiology: People of Mediterranean,
Middle Eastern & Asia arePeople of Mediterranean, Middle
Eastern & Asia are thought to be at risk of developing Behet's
disease.thought to be at risk of developing Behet's disease. In
those of Mediterranean & Middle Eastern origin,In those of
Mediterranean & Middle Eastern origin, Behet's disease is more
common in men than in women.Behet's disease is more common in men
than in women. However, in people of Asia, Behet's disease is
moreHowever, in people of Asia, Behet's disease is more common in
women.common in women. The symptoms of Behet's disease tend to be
more severeThe symptoms of Behet's disease tend to be more severe
in men.in men.
Page 5 Epidemiology:Epidemiology: (International gender ( :
ratio) distribution) (International gender ( : ratio)
distribution)
Page 6 Pathophysiology:Pathophysiology: The underlying cause of
Behet's disease is unknown.The underlying cause of Behet's disease
is unknown. As with other autoimmune diseases, the disorder mayAs
with other autoimmune diseases, the disorder may represent aberrant
immune activity triggered by exposure torepresent aberrant immune
activity triggered by exposure to an agent, in patients with a
genetic predisposition (HLA B51).an agent, in patients with a
genetic predisposition (HLA B51). Some environmental factors that
have been suggested asSome environmental factors that have been
suggested as possibly being associated with Behet's disease
include:possibly being associated with Behet's disease include:
Herpes virus,Herpes virus, Hepatitis virus,Hepatitis virus,
Bacteria, andBacteria, and Pollutants e.g., industrial waste or
chemicals.Pollutants e.g., industrial waste or chemicals.
Page 7 1.1. Oral lesions:Oral lesions: Oral ulceration is
usually an initial symptom & is seen inOral ulceration is
usually an initial symptom & is seen in all patients at some
time in the clinical course,all patients at some time in the
clinical course, sometimes precedes other manifestations by
years.sometimes precedes other manifestations by years. Oral
aphthae which are grossly & histologically similarOral aphthae
which are grossly & histologically similar to common oral
ulcers, but tend to be more extensive &to common oral ulcers,
but tend to be more extensive & often multiple.often multiple.
Lesions heal within about 10 days without scarring.Lesions heal
within about 10 days without scarring. Clinical
ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 8 Oral LesionsOral Lesions
Page 9 2.2. Ocular lesions:Ocular lesions: Ocular disease
occurs in 25-75% of patients withOcular disease occurs in 25-75% of
patients with Behet's disease & may progress to
blindness.Behet's disease & may progress to blindness. Symptoms
include blurred vision, eye pain, photophobiaSymptoms include
blurred vision, eye pain, photophobia & lacrimation.&
lacrimation. Uveitis is often the dominant feature of Behet's
disease.Uveitis is often the dominant feature of Behet's disease.
It is typically bilateral & episodic.It is typically bilateral
& episodic. Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 10 2.2. Ocular lesions:Ocular lesions: Hypopyon; a visible
layer of pus in the anterior ocularHypopyon; a visible layer of pus
in the anterior ocular chamber, is characteristic of Behet's
diseasechamber, is characteristic of Behet's disease The most
serious ocular problem in patients withThe most serious ocular
problem in patients with Behet's disease is retinal disease, as a
result of vaso-Behet's disease is retinal disease, as a result of
vaso- occlusive lesions.occlusive lesions. Clinical
ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 11 Ocular LesionsOcular Lesions
Page 12 3.3. Uro-genital lesions:Uro-genital lesions: Genital
ulceration occur in 75% of patients with Behet'sGenital ulceration
occur in 75% of patients with Behet's disease.disease. The ulcers
are similar in appearance to the oral aphthae.The ulcers are
similar in appearance to the oral aphthae. Genital ulcers are most
commonly found on the scrotumGenital ulcers are most commonly found
on the scrotum in men & the vulva in women.in men & the
vulva in women. Recurrence is typically less frequent than with
oralRecurrence is typically less frequent than with oral
ulcerations.ulcerations. Clinical ManifestationsClinical
Manifestations
Page 13 4.4. Cutaneous lesions:Cutaneous lesions: Cutaneous
lesions also occur in over 75% of patientsCutaneous lesions also
occur in over 75% of patients with Behet's disease.with Behet's
disease. They include acneiform lesions, erythema nodosum,They
include acneiform lesions, erythema nodosum, pyoderma
gangrenosum-type lesions, & palpablepyoderma gangrenosum-type
lesions, & palpable purpura.purpura. Clinical
ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 14 Erythema NodosumosumErythema Nodosumosum
Page 15 Pyoderma GangenosumPyoderma Gangenosum
Page 16 4.4. Cutaneous lesions:Cutaneous lesions:
PathergyPathergy refers to an erythematous papular orrefers to an
erythematous papular or pustular response to local skin
injury.pustular response to local skin injury. PathergyPathergy is
defined as ais defined as a > 5 mm lesion> 5 mm lesion that
appearsthat appears 24-48 hours24-48 hours after skin prick by a
needle.after skin prick by a needle. Pathergy testPathergy test is
a non-specific test.is a non-specific test. Clinical
ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 17 Coetaneous LesionsCoetaneous Lesions
Page 18 5.5. Arthritis:Arthritis: Non-erosive, asymmetric,
usually non-deformingNon-erosive, asymmetric, usually non-deforming
arthritis occurs in about one-half of patients witharthritis occurs
in about one-half of patients with Behet's disease, particularly
during exacerbations.Behet's disease, particularly during
exacerbations. Most commonly affects the medium & large
joints,Most commonly affects the medium & large joints,
including the knee, ankle, & wrist.including the knee, ankle,
& wrist. Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 19 6.6. Gastrointestinal:Gastrointestinal: Symptoms
include abdominal pain, diarrhea, melena, &Symptoms include
abdominal pain, diarrhea, melena, & sometimes
perforation.sometimes perforation. Gastrointestinal ulcerations
occur most often in theGastrointestinal ulcerations occur most
often in the terminal ileum, cecum, & ascending colon.terminal
ileum, cecum, & ascending colon. Histologically, the intestinal
ulcers of Behet's diseaseHistologically, the intestinal ulcers of
Behet's disease are indistinguishable from those of ulcerative
colitis.are indistinguishable from those of ulcerative colitis.
Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations
Page 20 Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations 7.7.
Neurological:Neurological: Occurs in < 20 % of patients being
more common in men.Occurs in < 20 % of patients being more
common in men. Classically, meningitis or meningoencephalitis,
motorClassically, meningitis or meningoencephalitis, motor
neurologic deficits, loss of bladder control, headache,
&neurologic deficits, loss of bladder control, headache, &
psychiatric symptoms including personality changespsychiatric
symptoms including personality changes develop more than five years
after the diagnosis ofdevelop more than five years after the
diagnosis of Behet's disease.Behet's disease. In the terminal
stage, dementia becomes evident in aboutIn the terminal stage,
dementia becomes evident in about 30% of affected patients.30% of
affected patients.
Page 22 Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations 8.8.
Vascular lesions:Vascular lesions: Vasculitis in BehetVasculitis in
Behets disease is Immune-complexs disease is Immune-complex
mediated.mediated. Small-vessel vasculitis is common & accounts
for much ofSmall-vessel vasculitis is common & accounts for
much of the pathologic process in Behet's disease.the pathologic
process in Behet's disease. Large vessel vascular involvement
occurs inLarge vessel vascular involvement occurs in approximately
one-third of patients with Behet'sapproximately one-third of
patients with Behet's disease.disease. Superficial & deep
venous thrombosis are common.Superficial & deep venous
thrombosis are common.
Page 23 Intracardiac ThrombosisIntracardiac Thrombosis (a)(a)
Before treatmentBefore treatment (b)(b) After treatmentAfter
treatment
Page 24 Clinical ManifestationsClinical Manifestations 8.8.
Vascular lesions:Vascular lesions: Vascular lesions may lead to
stenosis or aneurysmVascular lesions may lead to stenosis or
aneurysm formation (may rupture fatal).formation (may rupture
fatal). Vascular lesions in the lung, including thrombosis,Vascular
lesions in the lung, including thrombosis, aneurysm, &
arteriobronchial fistula, causing recurrentaneurysm, &
arteriobronchial fistula, causing recurrent episodes of dyspnea,
cough, chest pain & hemoptysis.episodes of dyspnea, cough,
chest pain & hemoptysis.
Page 25 Left Ventricular Pseudo-aneurysmLeft Ventricular
Pseudo-aneurysm
Page 31 Complications:Complications: DeathDeath
BlindnessBlindness ParalysisParalysis Embolism/thrombosis -
pulmonary, vena cava or peripheral.Embolism/thrombosis - pulmonary,
vena cava or peripheral. AneurysmsAneurysms AmyloidosisAmyloidosis
Thrombotic events (especially with +ve anticardiolipinThrombotic
events (especially with +ve anticardiolipin
antibodies).antibodies).
Page 32 Treatment:Treatment: The choice of the treatment
depends on the patient'sThe choice of the treatment depends on the
patient's clinical manifestations.clinical manifestations.
Significant ocular, neurologic, gastrointestinal,
vascular,Significant ocular, neurologic, gastrointestinal,
vascular, or other serious end organ manifestations typicallyor
other serious end organ manifestations typically require treatment
with steroids & otherrequire treatment with steroids &
other immunosuppressive agents.immunosuppressive agents. Secondary
thrombosis may not be preventable bySecondary thrombosis may not be
preventable by anticoagulation, instead 80 mg/day of Aspirin is
moreanticoagulation, instead 80 mg/day of Aspirin is more
favorable.favorable.
Page 33 Treatment:Treatment: Prednisone alone may not be
sufficient to control thePrednisone alone may not be sufficient to
control the vasculitis & the addition of other drugs
e.g.,vasculitis & the addition of other drugs e.g.,
immunosuppressive agents is recommended.immunosuppressive agents is
recommended. Types of Intravenous ImmunosuppressantsTypes of
Intravenous Immunosuppressants:: Traditional
immunosuppressantsTraditional immunosuppressants:: Chlorambucil,
methotrexate, cyclosporin, or azathioprin.Chlorambucil,
methotrexate, cyclosporin, or azathioprin. Monoclonal
antibodies:Monoclonal antibodies: Infliximab &
interferon-Infliximab & interferon-..
Page 34 Treatment:Treatment: Low dose aspirin is probably
reasonable in patients with Behcet's associated superficial
thrombophlebitis. Systemic anticoagulation is often used in
patients with deep venous thrombosis.. The presence of pulmonary
arteritis rules out the usage ofThe presence of pulmonary arteritis
rules out the usage of anticoagulation.anticoagulation.
Embolization therapy may be used for both treatment
&Embolization therapy may be used for both treatment &
prevention of hemorrhage from pulmonary arteryprevention of
hemorrhage from pulmonary artery aneurysms,aneurysms,
Page 36 Prognosis:Prognosis: Behcet's disease has an undulating
course ofBehcet's disease has an undulating course of exacerbations
& remissions, and may become less severeexacerbations &
remissions, and may become less severe after approximately 20
years.after approximately 20 years. The disease appears to be more
severe in young, male, &The disease appears to be more severe
in young, male, & Middle Eastern or Far Eastern patients.Middle
Eastern or Far Eastern patients. Mucocutaneous, articular and
ocular manifestations areMucocutaneous, articular and ocular
manifestations are often at their worst in the early years of the
disease.often at their worst in the early years of the disease.
Half of patients die within three years after the onset ofHalf of
patients die within three years after the onset of
hemoptysis.hemoptysis.
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