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Presentation at the RTB Annual Review and Planning Meeting (Entebbe, Uganda, 29 Sep-3 Oct 2014)
Citation preview
Banana bunchy top disease: Piloting containment and field recovery approaches through a learning alliance in sub-Saharan Africa
Lava Kumar, Charles Staver et al.RTB Annual Meeting
30 Sep 2014, Entebbe, Uganda
Outline What do we know? Need for the Alliance RTB complimentary
grant Progress Lessons Next steps
Banana bunchy top disease
©Lava Banana aphid
•Genus Babuvirus, family Nanoviridae
• Infects members of Musaceae and Ensete
•Vectored by the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa (circulative)
•Listed among the top 100 global threats to biodiversity
Banana bunchy top disease
>50% production affectedDRC, Congo, Gabon, Burundi Equatorial Guinea, and Malawi .
Ca, <10 - 20% production affectedCameroon, Nigeria, Benin, Zambia, Angola, Rwanda, CAR and Egypt
BBTD impact in SSA
About 70% decline in production in ca. 20 year
Quantitative data on yield losses not available
“Production declined from truck load to cycle load”.
• Between 1994–2000 Cavendish banana production declined by 80% in central and southern Malawi. Farmers shifted to maize
• BBTV blamed for destruction of 60 percent of the crop in Malawi.
Containment and recovery is critical to avert further spread and losses
Risk countries (close proximity to BBTV inoculum)
Secondary foci
Primary foci
Alliance for BBTD control in Africa
RTB funded planning grant (2012)
• Pilot integrated community approaches for recovering banana production
• Establish strategies to ensure low-cost, healthy planting material production
• Understanding disease epidemiology, farming systems for effective containment and recovery
• Develop tools for disease surveillance and monitoring recovery
Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo Brazzaville, DR Congo, Burundi and Malawi
BBTD containment and recovery: Building capacity and piloting field recovery approaches through a learning alliance (2013-16)
Alliance for BBTD control in Africa
Project team
Lava Kumar, R. Hanna, H. Kirscht
IITA, Nigeria and Cameroon
C. Staver, A Rietveld, S. Ajambo, G. Blomme
Bioversity International, Uganda and France
M-L. Iskra-Caruana CIRAD , France C. Niyongere Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU),
Burundi M. Soko Bvumbwe Research Station, MalawiP. Mobambo Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DRC B. Dhed’a Djailo Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, DRC M. Z-Tachin and C. C. Tossou
Université d’Abomey-Calavi and INRAB, Republic of Benin
C. Onyeani and S. Akinyemi
Nigerian Agricultural Quarantine Services and National Institute of Horticultural Research, Nigeria
AC Mvila Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Congo Brazzaville
M. Andeime Chercheur à l'Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestières (IRAF), Gabon
PhD Students: D Adediji, GH Vangu and B Ibanda
Project action sites
1. WA1 – Benin2. WA2 – Nigeria3. CA1 – Cameroon / Gabon4. CA2 – Congo Republic5. CA3 – DRC-Bas Congo6. ECA1 – DRC - Kisangani7. ECA 2 – Burundi8. SA1 - Malawi
• 7 of 8 action sites established
Common actions
• High density disease distribution map
• Awareness creation
• Eradication of infected mats
• Production & supply of clean planting material
• Developing local capacity for production of clean planting material
• Understanding the gender and generational dimensions in disease control
Action site: DRC-Kisangani
Coordinator: B. Dhed’a Djailo (Univ. Kisangani)
©IITA
• Two sties in at Masako
• Community and farmer learning meetings held
• 3 ha of BBTV free banana fields established
Coordinator: P Mobambo (Univ. Kinshasa)
• 3 sites in Kinshasa: UNIKIN Station and 2 villages
• 3 sites in Bas-Congo: INERA Station and 2 villages
• Clean sucker multiplication through macropropagation (cv. Bubi and GrosMichelle)
• Participator trials with farmers
Action site: Cameroon
Coordinator: R. Hanna (IITA)
• Sites in three communities
• BBTD awareness campaign with workshop for all affected communities.
• Multiplication of improved and local plantains for the establishment of community fields.
• Established three 1-ha community fields (Sep 2014).
Action site: Burundi
• Baseline studies for BBTD incidence:
• Cibitoke Province: 48,3%
• Mugina commune: Gitebe (49.7%) and Rusagara (86,7%)
• Rugombo commune : Kagazi (30%) and Munyika (40%)
Coordinator: C. Niyongere (ISABU)
• Farmers’ groups: Mugina (4) and Rugombo (3) 74 households involved in disease management
• Two nurseries established in August 2014 in Rugombo & Mugina
Action site: Malawi
• Two sites established
• BBTD incidence 40% to 100%
• Loses of up to 100% in Cavendish which almost extinct in the Nkhata Bay and Nkhotakota.
• Replanting done using tissue culture plantlets from Vitropic, France, raised at Bvumbwe Research Station
• Total of 400 farmers, 200 in each district with 35% as females (Nkhotakota and Nkhatabay)
Coordinator: M. M. Soko (Bvumbwe Research Station)
Action site: Nigeria
Coordinators: C. Oniyani (NAQS) & S. Akinyemi (NIHORT)
• One community identified in Idiroko (Ogun state)
• BBTD awareness campaign with workshop for all affected communities.
• Multiplication of local plantain Agbagba
Coordinators: M. Z-Tachin (UNIKAS) & C. Tossou (INRAB)
• Communities in Akpo-Missérété and Adjara Established three 1-ha community fields (September 2014).
• Community mobilization for field establishment
Addressing knowledge gaps
Hostx
virus
Vectorx
virus
Hostx
virus
Hostx
virus
Spread of the disease1
2
3
4
5
Is possible the emergence of a severe BBTV strains? 3-4- Studies on viral evolution and studies on biological role of recombinants
How long does it take to be a plant reservoir after infection? 1-2 Studies on virus multiplication, movement and accumulation in plant
How long is the recovery of BBTV free zones? 5- Studies on epidemiology
Is it possible to have/find tolerance? 6. Studies on epigenetic regulations of the viral multiplication
• Understanding selection pressure and recombination events
• Within a plant• Within a field• Within a location• Within the country
• Characterizing all the six segments of BBTV genome in each target country
BBTV-C-BENIN
BBTV-C-Idologun43
BBTV-C-Ibola5
BBTV-C-Mende76
JQ820463|BBTV-Rwanda-138
JQ820469|BBTV-Rwanda-142
JQ820457|BBTV-Malawi-73
JN250597|BBTV-SriLanka-Kandy
JF957681|BBTV-Tonga-310
FJ609643|BBTV-India-Bihar
AM418564|BBTV-Pakistan-CL-IM
JF957684|BBTV-Tonga-S28
HQ378193|BBTV-China-Haikou4
68
47
98
66
67
88
63
54
35
55
0.002 C-gene BBTV-SCP-Mende62
BBTV-SCP-Mende76
BBTV-SCP-BENIN2
BBTV-SCP-Ibola5
BBTV-SCP-BENIN26
BBTV-SCP-Owotedo80
JN250595|BBTV-SriLanka-Kandy
JQ820455|BBTV-Malawi-73
JQ820467|BBTV-Rwanda-142
JQ820461|BBTV-Rwanda-138
AF148943|BBTV-Burundi
JF755981|BBTV-GAB-TV18.2
JF755979|BBTV-CAM-TV14.1
JF755978|BBTV-CAM-TV4.11
JF755986|BBTV-DRC-23
JF755984|BBTV-DRC-TV24
JF755982|BBTV-GAB-TV-17.5
JF755987|BBTV-DRC-25.2
JF755980| BBTV-MAL-TV5.4
FJ605507|BBTV-India-Bihar
FJ859739|BBTV-Pakistan-TA2
JF957660|BBTV-Tonga-S28
HQ378191|BBTV-China-Haikou4
AB108451|BBTV-Japan-JY1100
79
49
99
60
50
55
52
6063
35
4154
31
23
51
97
73
0.01
SCP
Understanding BBTV evolution
NJ Phylogenetic tree based on the Mt COI gene
• Vector populations assessed using mitochondrial COI gene marker
• Almost exclusive association of P. nigronervosa with banana in Africa
• Rarely P. caladii was observed
• How many species are involved in virus transmission?
Aphid role in BBTV spread
Aphid role in BBTV spread
Genes Protein size
(bases)
Amino acid changePosition Vector Non-
vector
PITP 300 262 Q HDHPR 230 170 E QRePA70 235 155 N HCyclophilin 225 34 Q EATP-D 170 147 I DCoA 245 68 P Q
Mutations in marker genes associated with virus transmission
• Can all banana aphid populations transmit virus?(Reasons for differential rate of virus spread)
• Application of protein biomarkers to determine variation in transmission efficiency by banana aphids.
• Studies on aphid population in Nigeria indicates non-vector haplotyp as dominant.
Tolerance to BBTD and aphids
Tolerance to BBTD and aphids
Effective eradication model
(studies in 2015)
• Complete eradication vs. partial eradication
• Fallow period vs no fallow period
• Duration of fallow period
• Rate of re-infection in newly planted fields
Diagnostic tools
BBTV specific(240 bp)
Internal Control [BRep-1] (400 bp)
Multiplex PCR with internal control primer
Reading results by eye after adding SYBR Green dye. Colour changes from orange (negative reaction) to green (positive reaction).
LAMP assay for BBTV detectionOn-site application possible
Training in application of diagnostics
“Banana virus diagnostics for clean seed production, safe germplasm exchange and
surveillance of BBTD”(CIRAD, July 2014)
Gender studies
Embedding recovery and containment strategies for banana diseases in the social reality of male and female farmers
• Participatory methods workshop held in Bujumbura: 50 participants from pilot sites in 8 countries attended.
• Methods and tools for gender and social analysis developed for implementation in pilot sites 2015
• To develop information and communications strategies that informs both women and men of safe pest and disease control methods
• Learn about the kinds of support both women and men need to integrate BBTD control measures.
Linkages
Seed degeneration project:Effect of BBTV on degeneration on planting material (Farmer practices vs. positive selection)
Seed system framework:Effective model for generating healthy planting material for disease control in endemic areas
Pest risk assessment:Impact of temperature vs altitude effects on vectoring ability of banana aphid (action site in Burundi)
Humidtropics systems intensification:Action sites in Burundi
Seed degeneration trial in Idologun (low-altitude site), Ogun state, Nigeria
A similar trial at a high altitude location in Brundi
BA 2: Improving the livelihoods of smallholder banana producers in Asia and Africa through recovery and containment of banana bunchy top disease
Integrated approaches to
recover and maintain banana
production in BBTD affected
areas, including clean seed
supplies and community replanting
Understanding host-virus-
vector dynamics, including biological
control potential and
epidemiological modeling
Quarantine and containment strategies, including
surveillance methods and
diagnostic tools.
Appropriate cropping
systems based on household
gender and generational
understanding for more
effective and economic BBTV
recovery approaches
Innovations for host plant
resistance to BBTV and
exploitation of tolerant
cultivars for BBTD recovery
Capacity development
among national and local
partners for piloting BBTD recovery and production of
BBTV-free planting material
Global, regional and national awareness raising and
learning approaches on
the threat of BBTD and promoting integrated community
approaches for disease control
Lessons
• Different expectations from farmers / stakeholders-Some are proactive-Some resists-Some seek incentives to take part
• High demand for quality planting material-Banana seed systems is week (especially in Central and West Africa)
• Challenges with eradication-Banana is a weed!!!
• BBTV is an introduced disease in SSA
• One introduction expanded to 13 countries in SSA, threatening 35% of Musa production in 35% of the total area
ha
Source: FAO2012
Total production area
Total area in BBTV affected countries
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
35%
Production area in Australia
13,496 ha
So what?
Source: Cook et al., 2012
Likely spread of BBTV over time with and without an active containment policy in Australia
Source: Cook et al., 2012
Expected annual benefit of BBTV exclusion
“Exclusion benefits of the disease will avoid Aus$15.9-27.0 million in annual losses for the banana industry”
Acknowledgments
Source: www.tinmoitruong.vn
NARS Partners