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BACTERIAL SINUSITIS IN a Gracula religiosa
Muhammad Aqmal Hakim Bin Mazlan (160702)Supervisor: Dr Jalila Abu
Co-Supervisor: Dr Abraham Gabriel
Introduction
Case report
Discussion
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
COMMON HILL MYNA
Common hill myna or ‘Tiong Mas’Green-glossed black plumage body colourThe wattles, bill and legs are bright yellowRange from the southern part of Thailand to Malaysia and IndonesiaIt is known for its ability to mimic noises including human speech.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: SturnidaeGenus: GraculaSpecies: Gracula religiosa
(Birdlife.org)
• Sinusitis is an inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses, often occurring during an upper respiratory infection, by extension from the nasal cavity.
(Blood, Studdert & Gay, 2007)
• Sinus is any of various air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull, especially one communicating with the nostrils.
(Dictionary.com)
(Doneley,B. 2011)
CASE REPORT
PATIENT SIGNALMENT• ID: Tiong
• Age: Adult
• Sex: Female
• Common name: Hill Myna
• Scientific name: Gracula religiosa
• Weight: 0.26kg
• Management: Pet bird
HISTORY
Owner noticed swelling left eyelid with fluid filled mass
Visit UVH after the mass became firm upon palpation
27 October 2015
2 weeks before
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION • Bright and alert
• Body Condition Score: 3/3
• Ulcerated mass at the upper eyelid about 3cm X 2cm in diameter of the left upper eyelid.
• The eye is still functioning and responded to light.
Problem list Differential diagnosis
Plan
#1 Ulcerated mass of the left upper eyelid
1. Sinusitis2. Neoplasia
(Papilloma, Lipoma)
3. Hypovitaminosis A
1. Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
2. Complete blood count
3. Surgery of mass removal
4. Swab for bacteriology lab
FNA RESULT
Presence of cocci-shaped bacteria
INCONCLUSIVE!
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNTHaemogram Result Reference value InterpretationErythrocyte Insufficient blood 2.08-4.02Hemoglobin Insufficient blood 36-204Leucocytes 45.0 1.75-16.44 Marked
heterophilia with left shift, monocytosis, eosinophilia; indicating infection or inflammation
Seg. Heterophils 29.25 0.26-7.67Monocytes 10.35 0.06-2.38Eosinophils 1.35 0.05-0.61
Thrombocytes Insufficient bloodPlasma protein 68Icterus index Lysed
SURGICAL procedure for MASS REMOVAL OF LEFT UPPER EYELID
ANESTHETIC PROTOCOL• Induction: Isoflurane 5 % + 0.5 litre Oxygen per minute
• Maintenance: Isoflurane 2.5 % + 0.5 litre Oxygen per minute
Close up view of the mass (approximately
3cm x 2 cm)
CranialCaudal
Elliptical skin incision was made on the
mass by using blade #15
CranialCaudal
The mass was curetted by using Volkmann's spoon
CranialCaudal
The excess skin was incised and removed by
using Mayo scissors. Any bleeding was
observed and dabbed with sterile gauze.
CranialCaudal
5 mL of normal saline and 5 mL of Metrogyl was flushed into the cavity
CranialCaudal
Subcutaneous closure was done using Vicryl 5-0
absorbable suture material with
modified cushing pattern
CranialCaudal
Skin closure:Skin closure was done using Vicryl 5-0 absorbable suture material with intradermal suture pattern.
CranialCaudal
Terramycin was applied
on the suture site
Casseous material: firm and yellow
colour
POST-OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT & TREATMENT
• Monitor suture site
• Monitor appetite
• Antibiotics- Enrofloxacin, 10 mg/kg, 0.52mL, PO, BID for 10 days
• NSAIDS- Carprofen, 4 mg/kg, 0.16 mL, PO, SID for 5 days
• Supplements- Multivitamin, 0.2 mL, PO, SID, for 5 days
PROGRESSION DAY 1 POST SURGERY
Bright and alert & good appetiteSuture site was dry and intact
No discharge was observed from suture site
BACTERIOLOGY RESULT
Pure culture of E. coli
ESCHERICHIA COLI• Facultative (aerobic and anaerobic growth) gram-negative, rod shaped
bacteria that can be commonly found in animal feces, lower intestines of mammals and in the environment.
(MicrobeWiki.kenyon.edu)
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
Bacterial sinusitis due to Escherichia coli
PROGNOSIS
GOOD
DISCUSSION
Common organisms
Predisposing factors
Treatment modalities
Choice of anesthetics
2
1
34
COMMON ORGANISM
Pseudomonas sp.
E. coli
Lactobacillus sp
Micrococcus sp
Mycoplasma sp
(Phalen, 2000)
(Tully & Harrison 1994)
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
• Complex anatomy of the infraorbital sinuses
• Hypovitaminosis A
• Irritation to the sinuses
• Extreme humidity
• Choanal atresia
(Tully & Harrison 1994)
TREATMENT MODALITIES
Nasal flushing
Surgical Resection
Aerosol therapy
(Tully & Harrison 1994)
CHOICE OF ANESTHETICS
• Inhalants• Rapid induction & recovery
• Rapid and frequent adjustments in anaesthetics depth
• Minimal biotransformation
• Minimal cardiorespiratory side effects or toxicity
• Isoflurane, Sevoflurane (Gunkel & Lafortune 2005)
• Injectables • Do not require special equipments and
machines
• Can be administered through many different routes (IV,IM,SQ & IP)
• Potential for prolonged and/or rough recoveries
• Need for an accurate weight for appropriate dosing
• Propofol, Ketamine etc
(Furtado & Andrade, n,d.)
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
• This is a case report of a common hill myna that was diagnosed with bacterial sinusitis, where it was surgically resected and managed with good clinical outcome.
• Treatment combination of antibiotics, aerosol therapy, and surgical resection often produce successful outcomes.
• A good management of pet birds in captivity could reduce the risk of occurrence of the disease.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Allah SWT
• Dr Jalila
• Dr Abraham, Dr Shafiq, Dr Wan
• DVM5 Rotation group 3, Siti Noor Fadhilah Azihi
• Nur Arina Binti Ahmad Jelani
• DVM class 2016
• Audience
REFERENCES•
• BirdLife International. 2012. Gracula religiosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22710993A39682701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22710993A39682701.en. Downloaded on 26 November 2015.
• Blood, D., Studdert, V., & Gay, C. (2007). Sinusitis. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary . Edinburgh: Elsevier.
• Curro TG: Anesthesia of pet birds. Sem Avian Exot Pet Med 7:10-21, 1998
• Furtado, KS, and FO Andrade. 'Comparison Of The Beneficial And Adverse Effects Of Inhaled And Injectable Anaesthetics: A Mini-Review.OA Anaesthetics'. Oapublishinglondon.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 29 Nov. 2015.
• Gunkel, C., & Lafortune, M. (2005). Current Techniques in Avian Anesthesia. Seminars In Avian And Exotic Pet Medicine , 14(4), 263-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2005.09.006
• Microbewiki.kenyon.edu,. (2015). Escherichia coli - MicrobeWiki. Retrieved 23 November 2015, from https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia_coli
• Phalen DN: Respiratory medicine of cage and aviary birds, Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 3: 423-452, 2000
• Sinus. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition . (2011). Retrieved December 2 2015 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sinus
• Tully TN, Harrison GJ (1994). Pneumology. In: Avian Medicine: Principles and application. BW Ritchie , GJ Harrison, LR Harrison (eds). Wingers Publishing, Lake Worth, pp. 556-606.
THANK YOU