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BACTERIAL DISEASES OF FOXES

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BACTERIAL DISEASES OF FOXES

Course no and title:VPATH 609,Pathology of Bacterial and Viral Diseases.

Name: Md Fayezur Rahaman.Roll No:16VPATHJJ04M

Reg No: 37164Department of Pathology

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FoxFoxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes are slightly smaller than a medium-size domestic dog, with a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or brush).

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Scientific classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: CanidaeGenera Vulpes Cerdocyon Dusicyon Lycalopex Otocyon Urocyon

Twelve species belong to the monophyletic group of Vulpes genus of "true foxes". Foxes are found on every continent except Antarctica. By far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with about 47 recognized subspecies.

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Foxes are susceptible to the same diseases as dogs which are transmissible between these animals.

The important bacterial diseases of foxes are: Leptospirosis . Listeriosis. Brucellosis. (Undulant Fever) Lyme disease. Bubonic plague.

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Leptospirosis

Infectious Agent: Spirochaete bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira.

Transmission:Bacterial penetration of abraded or lacerated skin by infected urine,contaminated food, water, or soil, or by direct contact with an infected animal. The organism can invade intact skin.

Signs and symptoms: A mild form is characterized by fever, chills and myalgia (muscle pain). In the severe state, it may appear as a meningitis.

Scanning electron micrograph of a number of Leptospira sp. bacteria

Dark-field microscopy

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Pathogenesis: Leptospira are present in the water bodies Enter through breaks in the skin ( cuts and abrasions ) and mucous membranes Enters through Mouth – Nose – Conjunctive Rarely enters though ingestion. Incubation period 1 – 2 weeks When multiples blood stream produces fever. May establish organ involvement in Kidney and Liver, May produce hemorrhage and necrosis in the tissues and initiates dysfunction of

these organsPathological lesions: Conjunctival suffusion (red eye) Occasionally a skin rash. Liver damage (causing jaundice). Kidney failure. Bleeding. Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain).

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Diagnosis: On infection the microorganism can be found in blood and cerebrospinal fluid

(CSF) for the first 7 to 10 days and then moving to the kidneys. After 7 to 10 days the microorganism can be found in fresh urine. Kidney function tests (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) as well as blood tests for

liver functions can be performed. ELISA. PCR.

Kidney tissue, using a silver staining technique, revealing the presence of Leptospira bacteria

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Listeriosis.

Infectious Agent: Listeria monocytogenes

Transmission:The main route of acquisition of Listeria sp. is through the ingestion of contaminated food.

Signs & Symptoms:Usually do not show signs of the disease.

Listeria monocytogenes

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Pathogenesis and Pathology:

• Listeria Monocytogenes enters through the Gastro – intestinal tract after ingestion of contaminated foods.

• The cell wall surface protein called Interanalin interacts with E –CADHERIN and enters into epithelial cells.

• Bacteria produce Listeriolysin .• L. monocygenes can move from cell to with out being exposed to Antibodies,

Complement, Polymorphonuclear cells

Pathological lesions: Cutaneous lesions like rashes, dermatitis. Gastroenteritis. Meningitis Encephalitis.

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Diagnosis: In CNS infection cases, L. monocytogenes can often be cultured from the blood or

from the CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid). The Anton test is used in the identification of L. monocytogenes. PCR.

Colonies of typical L. monocytogenes as they appear when grown on Listeria-selective agar

Listeria monocytogenes grown on Biorad RAPID'L.Mono Agar

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Brucellosis (Bang’s Disease,).Infectious Agent: Brucella sp. (Rod shaped, gram negative, coccobacilli)

Transmission:Disease can be transmitted through contact with tissues, blood, urine, vaginal discharges, or fetuses of infected animals.

Brucella organism

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Signs and symptoms: Fever, Abortion. Bacteremia. Prolonged vaginal discharge. Failure to conceive Stillbirth.

Pathogenesis:o Animal tissues and products, such as placenta, uterus and milk, that are rich

in erythritol (a growth factor for brucellae) can be heavily contaminated and highly infectious

o Spread in the body occurs via lymphatics, replication within lymph nodes, and then wide hematogenous spread to organs and tissues.

o Intracellular parasitism: brucellae have a particular tendency to persist intracellularly, notably in the reticuloendothelial system

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Pathological Lesions: Scrotal inflammation and orchitis in males. Infection of the eye can cause uveitis. Granuloma and necrosis in the liver. Anaemia. Arthritis Meningitis

Granuloma and necrosis in the liver.

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Diagnosis:

Definite diagnosis of brucellosis requires the isolation of the organism from the blood, body fluids, or tissues.

Modified Ziehl Neelsen stain can be used for screening. Rose Bengal Plate test. ELISA. PCR.

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Lyme disease.Causal agent: Borrelia burgdorferi

Transmission:Bacterial infection that spreads through tick bites.

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, magnified

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Pathogenesis:

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Symptoms: Soreness. Fever. Lethargy. Paralysis. Depression. Increased thirst and urination.

Pathological Lesions: Causes damage to joints. cardiac , kidney and neurological damage.

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Diagnosis: Lyme disease is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms. Objective physical findings (such as EM, facial palsy, or arthritis), A history of possible exposure to infected ticks, as well as serological blood tests. Western blot ELISA. Fluorescent microscopy.

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Bubonic plague.

Infectious Agent: Yersinia pestis.

Transmission: The transmission of Y. pestis by fleas is well characterized.

Yersinia pestis bacteria in the foregut of an infected flea (electron micrograph )

Oriental rat flea

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Signs and Symptoms: Fever. Extreme weakness. Diarrhoea. Abdominal pain.Pathogenesis:

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Pathological lesions:

Swelling of lymph nodes resulting in buboes, the classic sign of bubonic plague. Most flea bites will occur on the legs, so the inguinal nodes are most frequently affected

Diagnosis: Laboratory testing is required in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from the affected

aniaml sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during the early

and late stages of infection.

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References: Macdonald, D. W.; Reynolds, J. C. (2008). 'Vulpes vulpes'. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of

Threatened Species. Retrieved 20 September 2013. Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera,

species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10 ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 40

Mosby's Medical Dictionary (9 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. p. 697. ISBN 9780323112581. McKay, James E. (2001). Comprehensive health care for dogs. Minnetonka, MN.: Creative Pub.

International. p. 97. ISBN 9781559717830. Ramaswamy V; Cresence VM; Rejitha JS; Lekshmi MU; Dharsana KS; Prasad SP; Vijila HM.

(February 2007). "Listeria – review of epidemiology and pathogenesis." (PDF). J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 40 (1): 4–13. PMID 17332901. Retrieved 2010-09-05.

Diagnosis and Management of Acute Brucellosis in Primary Care" (PDF). Brucella Subgroup of the Northern Ireland Regional Zoonoses Group. August 2004.

"Brucellosis: Resources: Surveillance". CDC. Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 484–488.

ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

http://hisz.rsoe.hu/alertmap/site/index.php?pageid=event_desc&edis_id=BH-20150621-48754-USA

CDC http://www.cdc.gov/plague

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