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SHRM Survey Findings: Smoking in the Workplace
January 14, 2016
• Smoking in the workplace: Just over one-half (53%) of HR professionals indicated their
organizations permitted smoking in the workplace.
• Formal or informal smoking policy: More than four-fifths (85%) of HR professionals indicated
their organizations had a formal, written smoking policy in place; few indicated their organizations
had an informal, unwritten smoking policy (8%) or no smoking policy at all (7%).
• Smoking policy that limits the number of smoking breaks per day: Thirty percent of HR
professionals indicated their organizations’ smoking policies limited the number of smoking breaks
employees could take daily.
• Smoking-related policies: More than one-half (54%) of HR professionals indicated their
organizations provided wellness information on the benefits of a smoke-free lifestyle; about one-fifth
(18%) reported their organizations imposed smoking surcharges (i.e., charged a higher health care
premium for smokers).
Of HR professionals whose organizations had smoking surcharges in place, 45% indicated
smoking by employees in the workplace had decreased since the policy was implemented;
41% reported the same outcome when their organizations began providing wellness
information on the benefits of a smoke-free lifestyle.
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 2
Key Findings
• Vaping policy: More than two-fifths (44%) of HR professionals indicated that a policy that
addressed vaping (the use of electronic cigarettes or other personal vaporizers that atomize
nicotine liquid) was included in their organizations’ smoking policies; 2% said their organizations
had a separate vaping policy. Although more than one-half (54%) of respondents indicated their
organizations did not have a vaping policy, one-third (33%) said their organizations had plans to put
one in place in the next 12 months.
• Disciplinary actions taken against employees who violate their organizations’ smoking
policies: More than one-half (53%) of HR professionals indicated disciplinary actions were taken
against employees who violated their organizations’ smoking policies; 41% indicated it depended
on the situation.
Two-thirds (66%) indicated their organizations gave a verbal warning for a first-time smoking
policy offense; 13% gave a written warning. Just 1% reported that their organizations
suspended, fined, terminated or required an employee to complete a smoking cessation
program for a first-time offense.
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 3
Key Findings (continued)
• With health care costs continuing to climb, HR professionals are likely to continue to take an
interest in the smoking habits of their workforce. Many organizations may decide not to permit
smoking in the workplace as part of their overall wellness strategy.
• Because the majority (85%) of HR professionals reported their organizations had formal, written
smoking policies in place, the increased use of vaping is likely to lead to an increase in vaping
being addressed in formal, written smoking policies.
• Both wellness information on the benefits of a smoke-free lifestyle and smoking surcharges (i.e.,
charging a larger health care premium for smokers) appear to influence the rates of smoking by
employees. However, many more organizations seem to prefer supporting employees in their
efforts to quit by offering wellness information (54%) than by imposing smoking surcharges (18%).
• With slightly more than one-half (53%) of HR professionals indicating that disciplinary actions were
taken against employees who violated their organizations’ smoking policies, employees have a
strong incentive to quit their habit or reduce their smoking to off-duty hours only.
• Trends in smoking indicate that most smokers hope to quit and that fewer individuals are starting
the habit. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) project a continued decrease in
the rates of smoking among both students and adults in the years ahead.1
• Because many employees who smoke are actively trying to quit, wellness programs that offer
smoking cessation programs will continue to be valued.
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2015 4
What These Findings Mean for the HR Profession
1 CDC. (n.d.). Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students and Adults, United States, 1965–2011. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/tables/trends/cig_smoking/
53%
47% Yes
No
Smoking in the Workplace
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 5
Note: n = 376. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis.
Does your organization permit smoking in the workplace (i.e., anywhere in the workplace, such
as inside or outside the company premises, inside or outside company vehicles, etc.)?
Formal or Informal Smoking Policy
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 6
85%
8%
7%
Yes, we have a formal, written policy
No, but we have an informal, unwritten policy
No, we do not have a formal or an informal policy
Note: n = 372. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis.
Does your organization have a formal, written policy that addresses smoking in the workplace?
Smoking Policy’s Specification of Where Employees Are Allowed to
Smoke
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 7
58%
31%
1%
9%
2%
1%
Yes, there are designated smoking areas (insideand/or outside common areas)
Yes, our policy bans all smoking in theworkplace (both inside and outside the building)
Yes, our policy allows smoking inside personalvehicles only*
No, and we have no plans to include suchspecifications
No, but have plans to include suchspecificiations in the next 12 months
Other1
Note: n = 339. Respondents who indicated their organizations had a smoking policy were asked this question. Respondents who answered “Not sure”
were excluded from this analysis. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding. An asterisk (*) indicates that the response option was developed
from open-ended responses. 1 Some open-ended responses were placed in the appropriate categories for the purposes of this analysis.
Does your organization’s smoking policy specify where employees are allowed to smoke in the
workplace?
Yes
No
Smoking Policy That Limits the Number of Smoking Breaks Per Day
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 8
Note: n = 322. Respondents who indicated their organizations had a smoking policy were asked this question. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were
excluded from this analysis.
Does your organization’s smoking policy limit the number of breaks employees can take during
the day to smoke?
30%Yes
Smoking-Related Policies
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 9
54%
18%
11%
8%
4%
8%
Providing wellness information on the benefits of a smoke-free lifestyle (e.g., pamphlets, Intranet postings, posters)
Imposing smoking surcharges (i.e., charging a higherhealth care premium for smokers)
Charging higher life insurance premiums for smokers
Participating in smoke-out days (e.g., national quitsmoking day)
Providing smoking cessation benefits*
Other
Note: n = 341. Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options. An asterisk (*) indicates that the response option was developed
from open-ended responses.
Which of the following smoking-related policies are used in your organization?
Changes in Smoking Since the Implementation of Smoking-Related
Policies
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 10
Note: n = 38-127. Respondents who indicated their organizations had each smoking-related policy in place were asked the respective question(s).
Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis. “Charging higher life insurance premiums for smokers,” “participating in
smoke-out days (e.g., national quit smoking day) “and “other” were not reportable due to low sample size (n < 25).
Has smoking by employees in the workplace increased, stayed the same or decreased since
smoking-related policies were implemented at your organization?
18%
10%
37%
49%
45%
41%
Imposing smoking surcharges (i.e., charging ahigher health care premium for smokers)
Providing wellness information on the benefits ofa smoke-free lifestyle (e.g., pamphlets,
Increased Stayed the same Decreased
Intranet postings, posters)
Vaping Policy
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 11
44%
2%
33%
21%
Yes, this policy is included in our smoking policy
Yes, this policy is separate from our smokingpolicy
No, but have plans to have a policy about vapingwithin the next 12 months
No, and have no plans to address vaping
Note: n = 324. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis.
Does your organization have a policy that addresses “vaping” (i.e., the use of electronic
cigarettes or other personal vaporizers that atomize nicotine liquid)?
Yes
No
Vaping Policy’s Specification of Where Employees Are Allowed to Vape
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 12
49%
41%
7%
0%
3%
Yes, there are designated vaping areas (insideand/or outside common areas)
Yes, our policy bans all vaping in the workplace(both inside and outside common areas)
No, and we have no plans to include suchspecifications
No, but have plans to include such specificiationsin the next 12 months
Other1
Note: n = 147. Respondents who indicated their organizations had a vaping policy were asked this question. Respondents who answered “Not
sure” were excluded from this analysis. 1 Some open-ended responses were placed in the appropriate categories for the purposes of this
analysis.
Does your organization’s vaping policy specify where employees are allowed to vape?
Changes in Vaping Since the Implementation of Vaping-Related Policies
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 13
Note: n = 81. Respondents who indicated their organizations had a vaping policy were asked this question. Respondents who answered “Not
sure” were excluded from this analysis.
Has vaping by employees in the workplace increased, stayed the same or decreased since
vaping-related policies were implemented at your organization?
12% 67% 21%
Increased Stayed the same Decreased
How Smoking Policies Are Communicated Throughout Organization
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 14
Percentage
Employee handbooks/manuals 84%
“No smoking” signs and/or posters in designated areas 60%
New-employee orientation 59%
Supervisors/management 42%
Organization’s Intranet 31%
Word of mouth 29%
E-mail* 1%
Other1
4%
Note: n = 333. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis. Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple
response options. An asterisk (*) indicates that the response option was developed from open-ended responses. 1 Some open-ended responses
were placed in the appropriate categories for the purposes of this analysis.
Disciplinary Actions Taken Against Employees Who Violate the
Organization's Smoking Policy
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 15
53%
6%
41%
Yes
No
It depends on the situation
Note: n = 311. Respondents who indicated their organizations had a smoking policy were asked this question. Respondents who answered “Not
sure” were excluded from this analysis.
Are disciplinary actions taken against employees who violate your organization’s smoking
policy?
Note: n = 291. Respondents who indicated disciplinary actions were taken against employees who violated their organizations’ smoking policies
were asked this question. Percentages do not total 100% due to multiple response options.
Disciplinary Actions Taken for a First-Time Smoking Policy Offense
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 16
Percentage
Verbal warning 66%
Disciplinary action on a case-by-case basis/specific circumstances 23%
Written warning 13%
Suspension 1%
Fining the employee 1%
Requiring employee to complete a smoking cessation program (via the
employee assistance program or other avenue)1%
Termination 1%
Other 3%
None, no actions are taken 5%
Smoking and/or Vaping Permitted in Company Vehicles
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 17
6%
10%
Smoking
Vaping
Yes
Note: n = 206-239. Respondents who answered “Not sure” or “Not applicable; we do not have company vehicles” were excluded from this analysis.
Does your organization permit smoking and/or vaping in company vehicles?
Availability of Cigarettes and Vaping Devices/Materials on Organization’s
Premises
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 18
Note: n = 324-326. Respondents who answered “Not sure” were excluded from this analysis.
Are cigarettes and/or vaping devices/materials available for sale on your organization’s
premises?
2%
1%
Cigarettes
Vaping devices/materials
Yes
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 19
Demographics
Demographics: Organization Industry
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 20
Percentage
Manufacturing 20%
Health care and social assistance 16%
Professional, scientific and technical services 12%
Finance and insurance 9%
Government agencies 8%
Educational services 7%
Transportation and warehousing 6%
Retail trade 5%
Construction 4%
Accommodation and food services 4%
Administrative and support, and waste management and remediation services 3%
Note: n = 327.
Demographics: Organization Industry (continued)
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 21
Note: n = 327.
Percentage
Repair and maintenance 3%
Real estate and rental and leasing 3%
Information 3%
Wholesale trade 2%
Arts, entertainment and recreation 2%
Utilities 2%
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 2%
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 2%
Religious, grant-making, civic, professional and similar organizations 2%
Personal and laundry services 1%
Other industry 10%
Demographics: Organization Sector
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 22
51%
20%
17%
9%
3%
Privately owned for-profit
Nonprofit
Publicly owned for-profit
Government
Other
Note: n = 324
Demographics: Organization Staff Size
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 23
25%
34%
19%
16%
5%
1 to 99 employees
100 to 499 employees
500 to 2,499 employees
2,500 to 24,999 employees
25,000 or more employees
Note. n = 310. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.
n = 329
Demographics: Other
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 24
U.S.-based operations only 81%
Multinational operations 19%
Single-unit organization: An organization in
which the location and the organization are
one and the same
31%
Multi-unit organization: An organization that
has more than one location69%
Multi-unit headquarters determines HR
policies and practices55%
Each work location determines HR policies
and practices5%
A combination of both the work location and
the multi-unit headquarters determines HR
policies and practices
41%
Is your organization a single-unit organization or a
multi-unit organization?
For multi-unit organizations, are HR policies and practices
determined by the multi-unit headquarters, by each work
location or by both?
Does your organization have U.S.-based
operations (business units) only, or does it
operate multinationally?
n = 330
n = 231
Corporate (companywide) 77%
Business unit/division 10%
Facility/location 14%
n = 231
What is the HR department/function for
which you responded throughout this
survey?
25
SHRM Survey Findings: Smoking in the Workplace
• Response rate = 13%
• 375 HR professionals from a randomly selected sample of SHRM’s membership participated in this
survey
• Margin of error +/-5%
• Survey fielded December 4-18, 2015
Survey Methodology
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016
For more survey/poll findings, visit shrm.org/surveys
For more information about SHRM’s Customized Research Services, visit
shrm.org/customizedresearch
Follow us on Twitter @SHRM_Research
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 26
About SHRM Research
Project lead:
Karen Wessels, researcher, SHRM Research
Project contributors:
Evren Esen, director, SHRM-SCP, Survey Programs, SHRM Research
Jennifer Schramm, manager, SHRM-SCP, Workforce Trends and Forecasting,
SHRM Research
Copy editor:
Katya Scanlan, SHRM Knowledge Center
• Recent survey/poll findings: shrm.org/surveys
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» http://www.shrm.org/research/surveyfindings/pages/policies-for-marijuana-use-in-the-
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» http://www.shrm.org/research/surveyfindings/articles/pages/ldrugtestingefficacy.aspx
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» Customized Research Services: shrm.org/CustomizedResearch
» Engagement Survey Service: shrm.org/PeopleInSight
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Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 27
Additional SHRM Resources
Founded in 1948, the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) is the
world’s largest HR membership organization devoted to human resource management.
Representing more than 275,000 members in over 160 countries, the Society is the
leading provider of resources to serve the needs of HR professionals and advance the
professional practice of human resource management. SHRM has more than 575
affiliated chapters within the United States and subsidiary offices in China, India and
United Arab Emirates. Visit us at shrm.org.
Smoking in the Workplace ©SHRM 2016 28
About SHRM