PRESENTATIPRESENTATIONON

PUNCUATION PUNCUATION TYPES &TYPES &RULESRULES

Subject:Subject:FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL

ENGLISHENGLISH

OutlineOutline

The Period or Full StopThe Period or Full Stop

The CommaThe Comma

The Question MarkThe Question Mark

The Exclamation MarkThe Exclamation Mark

The ApostropheThe Apostrophe

The Quotation MarkThe Quotation Mark

The SemicolonThe Semicolon

The ColonThe Colon

The HyphenThe Hyphen

PunctuationPunctuation

It helps making meaning clear in written texts.It helps making meaning clear in written texts.

It shows where one chunk meaning ends and It shows where one chunk meaning ends and another starts.another starts.

It shows where to pause or change tone when It shows where to pause or change tone when reading aloud.reading aloud.

The Full Stop or Period The Full Stop or Period ( . )( . )

It is used to end a sentence. e.g.It is used to end a sentence. e.g.

““He goes to schoolHe goes to school..”” It is used to show a word that has been made It is used to show a word that has been made

shorter which is called abbreviation. e.g.shorter which is called abbreviation. e.g.

““Doctor= DrDoctor= Dr..””

““Assistant= AsstAssistant= Asst..””

The Comma ( , )The Comma ( , )

It is used to list things. e.g.It is used to list things. e.g.

““cowscows,, horses horses,, pigs e.t.c” pigs e.t.c”

It is used to separate two sentences with It is used to separate two sentences with conjunction. e.g. “You have to study hardconjunction. e.g. “You have to study hard,, if you if you want to get good marks.”want to get good marks.”

To indicate a pause in a sentence or a question. To indicate a pause in a sentence or a question. e.g.e.g.

““AliAli,, did you remember to feed the cat?” did you remember to feed the cat?”

The Question Mark ( ? )The Question Mark ( ? )

o It is used to write questions, to make an inquiry, It is used to write questions, to make an inquiry, or to ask something. e.g.or to ask something. e.g.

““How are youHow are you??””

““Why is the sky blueWhy is the sky blue??””

Can you hear me?Can you hear me?

It is used to write about strong emotions.It is used to write about strong emotions.

It is used to write the words a person It is used to write the words a person shouted.shouted.

It is used to make a statement strong & It is used to make a statement strong & forceful. e.g. “Ali, come hereforceful. e.g. “Ali, come here!!””

It is used with question mark to make It is used with question mark to make question more forceful. e.g. “’What did you question more forceful. e.g. “’What did you do that for?do that for?!’!’ she said angrily. she said angrily.

The Exclamation Mark ( ! The Exclamation Mark ( ! ))

HELP!HELP!

Apostrophe ( ‘ )Apostrophe ( ‘ )

• It has two uses:It has two uses:

Ownership:Ownership:

It is used to show something belong to It is used to show something belong to something else.something else.

If there is singular letter ‘s’ is used after If there is singular letter ‘s’ is used after apostrophe to show ownership. e.g. “Mimi’s apostrophe to show ownership. e.g. “Mimi’s car”, “Boy’s dog”.car”, “Boy’s dog”.

If there is plural or word ends already with ‘s’ If there is plural or word ends already with ‘s’ then apostrophe come without ‘s’. e.g. “Girls’ then apostrophe come without ‘s’. e.g. “Girls’ clothes (several girls)” not “Girl’s clothes(only clothes (several girls)” not “Girl’s clothes(only one girl)”.one girl)”.

Contraction:Contraction:

It is use to put two small words together. It is use to put two small words together. Those words that are put together by Those words that are put together by apostrophe is called contraction. e.g.apostrophe is called contraction. e.g.

““Cannot = Can’t”Cannot = Can’t”

““It is = It’s”It is = It’s”

Apostrophe ( ‘ ) 1Apostrophe ( ‘ ) 1

These marks are used around words that These marks are used around words that people said, or direct speech. They are used in people said, or direct speech. They are used in pairs. e.g.pairs. e.g.

““Hina said, Hina said, ‘‘Sana, please wash the dishes.Sana, please wash the dishes.’”’”

They are used in other cases besides direct They are used in other cases besides direct speech like around a song. e.g.speech like around a song. e.g.

““After recording After recording ““Beat itBeat it””, Michael Jackson went , Michael Jackson went on to record several more hits.on to record several more hits.””

Quotation Marks (“ “) or Quotation Marks (“ “) or (‘ ‘)(‘ ‘)

The Semicolon ( ; )The Semicolon ( ; )

It is used to connect two independent clauses It is used to connect two independent clauses in a single sentence. e.g.in a single sentence. e.g.

““I could tell that it was getting lateI could tell that it was getting late;; it was it was growing darker by the second.”growing darker by the second.”

It is used to separate items in series when the It is used to separate items in series when the items contain parenthetical elements within items contain parenthetical elements within themselves.themselves.

It is also used with a conjunctive adverb when It is also used with a conjunctive adverb when joining two clauses. e.g. "The environment is joining two clauses. e.g. "The environment is the context in which all life existsthe context in which all life exists;; consequently, consequently, it is more than a political issue."it is more than a political issue."

The Colon ( : )The Colon ( : )

It is used at beginning of any list, an example, or It is used at beginning of any list, an example, or quotation. e.g.quotation. e.g.

““This is the list of AnimalsThis is the list of Animals:: Cats, Dogs, Horses Cats, Dogs, Horses e.t.c”.e.t.c”.

• It is used to separate two main clauses, where It is used to separate two main clauses, where the second clause expands on or illustrates the the second clause expands on or illustrates the first. e.g.first. e.g.

““It was very coldIt was very cold:: the temperature was below the temperature was below zero.”zero.”

Standard English usage is to have no space Standard English usage is to have no space before, and one space after a colon.before, and one space after a colon.

The Hyphen ( - )The Hyphen ( - )

Some words can have (-) added to change Some words can have (-) added to change meaning. e.g. “re-form means ‘start again’ but meaning. e.g. “re-form means ‘start again’ but reform means ‘change’.”reform means ‘change’.”

It is used to spell out numbers. e.g. “Thirty-two”.It is used to spell out numbers. e.g. “Thirty-two”.

Some words have letters or prefixes at Some words have letters or prefixes at beginning (-) used with them. e.g. “non-living, beginning (-) used with them. e.g. “non-living, anti-pollution”.anti-pollution”.

Used with writing words that a person having Used with writing words that a person having ‘difficulty speaking’ spoken. e.g. “I reached for ‘difficulty speaking’ spoken. e.g. “I reached for the w-w-w-watering can.” This is called the w-w-w-watering can.” This is called stammer.stammer.

The Hyphen ( - ) 1The Hyphen ( - ) 1

If a word for a person(a name or proper noun) If a word for a person(a name or proper noun) is used with another name. e.g. “Merriam-is used with another name. e.g. “Merriam-Webster Dictionary”Webster Dictionary”

A hyphen is also used when a word is too long A hyphen is also used when a word is too long to fit in one row of writing. e.g. “ What was done to fit in one row of writing. e.g. “ What was done was not go-od, not helpful, nor was it very was not go-od, not helpful, nor was it very useful.”useful.”

PREPARED BYPREPARED BY JAVAID AHMADJAVAID AHMAD

M.SALMAN SAMIM.SALMAN SAMI

MUHAMMAD ASIFMUHAMMAD ASIF

MUHAMMAD KHANMUHAMMAD KHAN

MUNEEB TAHIRMUNEEB TAHIR

NOOR HASSAN (LEADER)NOOR HASSAN (LEADER)

TAYYAB WAHABTAYYAB WAHAB

TOUQEER AKBARTOUQEER AKBAR

TOUSEEF AHMADTOUSEEF AHMAD

WASEEM ARSHADWASEEM ARSHAD

THE ENDTHE END

SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING & TECHNOLOGYSWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINNERING & TECHNOLOGY

PREPARED BY STUDENTS OFPREPARED BY STUDENTS OF