Operational Safety in O

il & G

as

Warren Fothergill C

MIO

SH

Training Assessment M

anagerKnow

ledge Grid

�C

omm

itting to Process Safety�

Understanding the H

azards & Risks

�M

anaging Risk�

Learning from experience

Safety Managem

ent in Context

Com

mitm

ent to Process Safety in Oil &

Gas

ProcessSafety

�C

ulture�

Com

pliancew

ithStandards

�Process

SafetyC

ompetency

�W

orkforceinvolvem

ent�

StakeholderOutreach

Com

mitm

ent to Process Safety in Oil &

Gas

Who

Impacts

onProcess

Safety

�O

perators�

ShiftManagers

�Engineers

�SeniorLeaders,M

anagers

Principles of Process Safety in Oil &

Gas

LeadershipPrinciples

inProcess

Safety

�C

learandpositive

processsafety

leadership�

Processsafety

leadershiprequires

boardlevelinvolvem

entand

competence.

�G

oodprocess

safetym

anagement

requiresconstant

activeengagem

ent;�

Boardlevel

visibilityand

promotion

ofprocess

safetyleadership

isessentialto;

�Engagem

entofthew

orkforceis

needed;�

Monitorprocess

safetyperform

ance;�

Publicationof;and

�Share

bestpracticeacross

sectors

Arrangem

ents for Process Safety in Oil &

Gas

Organisation

&Resourcing

�Accountabilities

defined�

Mem

berof

Boardto

befully

conversantin

ProcessSafety

Managem

ent�

Appropriateresources

made

available�

Developm

entofprogramm

eofprom

otionofProcess

Safety�

Systems

andarrangem

entsestablished

�Periodic

reviews

ofProcessSafety

risks�

Settingofleading

&lagging

indicators�

Engagementoforganisations

within

sectorgroups�

Systemof‘retention’in

terms

ofcorporateknow

ledge

Failing Process Safety in Oil &

Gas

The‘Blind

Spots’

�ProjectExecution

�Safety

Assessment

�Technology

�H

uman

Factors�

Organisation

�O

perations&

Maintenance

�Risk

Acceptance�

AccidentInvestigations�

Managem

ent&Leadership

Understanding H

azards & Risks in O

il & G

as

Understand

Hazards

&Risks

�Process

Knowledge

Managem

ent�

Hazard

Identificationand

RiskAnalysis

Qualitative vs. Q

uantitative Risk Assessm

ent

•U

sing q

ualitative m

etho

ds to

determ

ine freq

uen

cy and

severity

Qualitative (Q

)

•W

here freq

uen

cy and

severity are app

roxim

ately qu

antified

with

in

ranges

Semi-qualitative (SQ

)

•W

here fu

ll qu

antificatio

n is d

emo

nstrated

Quantified risk assessm

ent (QRA)

Assessing the Risks in O

il & G

as

Semi-Q

uantitative (SQ)

Use this if it is

adequate for deciding on appropriate controls.Record findings and recom

mendations.

If not adequate, first increase the depth of modelling of the risk assessm

ent and see if it now m

eets requirem

ents. If it does, record the findings and recom

mendations.

Determ

ining the Right Method of Risk A

ssessment

Qualitative (Q

)

Use this m

ethod if it isadequate for deciding on appropriate controls.

Record the findings and recomm

endations.

If notadequate, then use

(Continued)

Assessing the Risks in O

il & G

as

Quantified Risk A

ssessment (Q

RA)

If adequate, use QRA.

If not, increase depth of the risk assessment m

odel until it answers all questions.

Record findings and recomm

endations

Intheir

Offshore

Information

SheetNo3/

2006,theU

KH

SEgive

more

industryspecific

guidanceon

howto

determine

which

riskassessm

entm

ethodis

appropriate. Ifnotadequate,then

use Assessing the Risks in O

il & G

as

HAZO

P

�Purpose

-to

identifyany

deviationsfrom

designintent,

theircausesand

consequences.�

Useful

atdesign

stageof

hazardousinstallations/

processes.�

Multi-disciplinary

teamand

brainstorming

�U

sesguide

words

toidentify

deviationse.g.M

ORE,LESS

�D

eviseactions

toreduce

riskdow

nto

acceptablelevel.

Methodology A

ssessing the Risks in Oil &

Gas

HA

ZID

�Purpose

-to

identifyallhazards

forlaterriskassessm

ent�

Uses

“brainstorming”,aided

bykey

words.

�U

sefulwhen

consideringchanges

toexisting

plantlayout.

Methodology for A

ssessing the Risks in Oil &

G

as

FMEA

�

How

caneach

componentfail?

�C

ause?�

Effectson

systemas

aw

hole?�

How

serious?�

Can

thefailure

bedetected

beforeeffects

become

serious?

Methodology for A

ssessing the Risks in Oil &

G

as

The Concept of Risk C

ontrol Barrier Models –

“bow-tie”

Methodology for A

ssessing the Risks in Oil &

G

as

Hazards

inO

il&G

as

�H

ydrocarbons�

Gases

–including

Hydrogen

Sulphide,Methane,N

itrogen�

Noise

�Silica

�Particulate

Matter(D

iesel)�

Chem

icals�

Biocides�

Naturally

Occurring

RadioactiveM

aterials�

Temperature

Extremes

�Pressure

�Fatigue

Hazards in O

il & G

as

Manage Risk in O

il & G

as

Manage

Risk

�O

peratingProcedures

�Safe

Working

Procedures�

AssetIntegrity&

Reliability�

ContractorM

anagement

�Training

andQ

ualityAssurance

�M

anagementofC

hange�

OperationalReadiness

�C

onductofOperations

�Em

ergencyM

anagement

RiskM

anagement

Know your risks and w

hat youshould be doing about them

Plan, prioritise, implem

ent risk controls

Make sure risk controls rem

ain effective

Review and learn

Manage Risk in O

il & G

as

Manage Risk in O

il & G

as

SourcesofW

ritten,RecognisedG

oodPractice

include:

�(U

K)HSE

Guidance

andAC

oPs�

Nationalorlocalgovernm

entguidance�

Internationalornationalstandards

(BS,CEN

,CEN

ELEC,ISO

,IEC

,etc.)�

Industryspecific

orsector

guidancefrom

tradefederations,

professionalinstitutions,etc.

Using Standards to M

anage Risk in Oil &

Gas

Typical Legal Requirements/G

ood Practice:

Regulatorsrequire

safetycase/safety

reportsubm

issionfor

eachinstallation

type.

Installationcannot

operateuntil

SC/SR

acceptedby

regulator(regulatorw

illinspectinstallation)

Notification

requiredto

regulatorat

designstage

(orw

henm

ovedorchange

ofuse).

TypicalExam

ples:Safety

Case

(offshore),Safety

Report(O

nshore)

Using Standards to M

anage Risk in Oil &

Gas

ThePurpose

ofD

ocumented

Evidencesuch

asSafety

Cases

andSafety

Reports

Toensure

thatduty

holdersdesign/operate

theirfacilities

safely.i.e.Measures

inplace

toidentify

potentialfor,prevent

andm

itigatem

ajoraccidents.

Using Standards to M

anage Risk in Oil &

Gas

The Typical Content of Safety C

ases and Safety Reports

Identifym

ajor accident hazards –use risk assessm

ents, bow-tie diagram

s, design calculations etc.

1•

Each h

azard scen

ario

2•

threats to

safety and

their cau

ses

3•

barriers to

preven

t tho

se threats

4•

con

sequ

ences o

f each th

reat were it to

be realised

5•

recovery m

easures req

uired

6•

factors th

at cou

ld escalate th

e hazard

or its co

nseq

uen

ces

Using Standards to M

anage Risk in Oil &

Gas

Evaluate major accident risks

and measures taken (or to be

taken).

1•

Identifyeach

hazard

/incid

ent scen

ario

2•

Assessfreq

ue

ncy criteria

3•

Assessco

nseq

uen

ce criteria

4•

AssessEER

facilities and

requ

iremen

ts

5•

Identifyan

d assess

risk con

trol m

easures again

st ALA

RP

Using Standards to M

anage Risk in Oil &

Gas

Arrangements for audits and audit reports

Adequate SMS in place

Major accident prevention policies

(in the case of safety reports)

Identify safety critical elements

in place to manage m

ajor accident hazards

Details of the em

ergency plan.

Using Standards to M

anage Risk in Oil &

Gas

Managem

ent of Change in O

il & G

as

Managem

entofChange

ProceduresSH

OU

LDidentify

�the

scopeofthe

changes(w

hatneedsto

change)�

theroles

andresponsibilities

ofthose

managing

andm

akingthe

changes�

howrisk

analysisis

tobe

undertaken�

methods

usedto

comm

unicatethe

changes�

trainingofpersonnelinvolved

Learning from Experience in O

il & G

as

Managem

entof

Change

controlwillbe

neededw

hen,e.g.

�equipm

entisreplaced

with

non-identicalparts�

newitem

sorequipm

entisadded

tothe

system�

changesare

made

tothe

operatingprocedures

(ifoutside

establisheddesign

basisand

safeoperating

envelope).

Learning from Experience in O

il & G

as

Learningfrom

Experience

�IncidentInvestigation

�M

easurement&

Metrics

�Auditing

�M

anagementReview

s&

Continuous

Improvem

ent

ReasonsW

hyW

eDON’T

Learn?

�If

itisn’t

aregulatory

requirement,w

eare

notgoing

todo

it!�

Managem

entSystem

sare

overem

phasisedw

hilethe

technicalaspects

ofprocess

safety,which

actuallycontrol

thehazards

andm

anagerisk,are

neglected�

Auditingcosts

arehigh

andthey

focuson

symptom

sand

notthecauses

�M

anagementdoes

notunderstand�

Verbal

supportfor

implem

entationis

inconsistentw

ithfiscalsupport

Learning from Incidents

Investigationto

Learning

�The

failureto

comply

with

systems

ofwork

andcontrols

�Focus

on‘realcauses’

�V

iewthe

incidentas

"theconsequence

ofa

failureor

inadequacyin

thesafety

managem

entsystem"

�Identify

failuresin

them

anagementsystem

Learning from Incidents

Learning from Incidents

Cau

sal Facto

r(s)Even

tC

on

sequ

ence

Learning from Incidents

CausalFactor.v.RootC

ause

Causal

:Any

behaviour,om

ission,or

deficiencythat

ifcorrected,

eliminated,

oravoided

probablyw

ouldhave

preventedthe

incident

Root:

Underlying

deficienciesin

thepolicies,

procedures,training,

expectationsand

comm

unicationsthat

allowed

theC

ausalFactor

toexist

Learning from Incidents

Deepw

aterHorizon

Explosion–

GulfofM

exico2

010

“Theteam

didnot

identifyany

singleaction

orinaction

thatcaused

thisincident.Rather,a

complex

andinterlinked

seriesof

mechanical

failures,hum

anjudgm

ents,engineering

design,operational

implem

entation,environm

entalconditions

andteam

interfacescam

etogether

toallow

theinitiation

andescalation

oftheaccident.”

Excerptfromthe

reportpreparedby

BPpostincident

Learning from Incidents

Learning from Incidents –

Causation M

odel

LOSS

•H

arm

•D

amage

•Substandard quality product/service

•Liability, etc.

INC

IDEN

T

•Potential LossProducingEvent

IMM

EDIA

TEC

AU

SESRO

OT

CA

USES

INA

DEQ

UATE

SYSTEMS

CO

NTRO

L

INA

DEQ

UATE

RISK A

SSESSMEN

T

Inadequate:

•Baseline

•Issue Based

•C

ontinuous

•H

uman

Factors

•W

orkplaceFactors

Incident Causation M

odel

Problem Solving M

odel

•SubstandardA

cts

•Substandard C

onditions

Inadequate:

•System

s

•Standards

•C

ompliance

Pre-contactC

ontactPost-C

ontact

T h r e s h o l d l i m i t M

easurement of C

ontrolM

easurement of C

auseM

easurement of C

onsequence

E.I.DuPontde

Nem

ours&

Co

Inc.Buffalo,N

ewYork

Flamm

ableV

apourExplosion

Welding

onTank

Containing

VinylFluoride

(1Killed,1

injured)N

ovember9,2010

Identifythe

CRITITC

AL

FAC

TORS

–and

analyseO

NE

ofthem

(45

mins)

Learning from Incidents –

Case Study

Learning from Incidents –

Imm

ediate Causes

Learning from Incidents –

Imm

ediate Causes

Questions