Jyoti Gram Yojana and Rural electrification in north eastern states of india

S U B M I T T E D T O : P R E S E N T E D B Y :

D R . A N I L K U M A R A S H I S H S I N G H

T E J A S V I S P U T E

M B A – P O W E R M A N A G E M E N T

NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA – RURAL

ELECTRIFICATION

Outline

Background – Jyoti Gram Yojana

Jyoti Gram Yojana – Gujarat State

North Eastern States of INDIA

-- North Eastern States of INDIA

-- Introduction

-- Demographic and Social Infrastructure

-- Agriculture

-- Physical Infrastructure

-- Power

Reason for the development of Energy Sector

Power Scenario of North Eastern States of INDIA

Key Challenges Issues, and way forward

Background

Though Gujarat villages were largely electrified as per prescribed parameters, However a significant gap in quality of power supply still existed

Quality of Power Supply below par due to

-- unauthorized use of power through illegal means resulting in Frequent Transformer failure

Poor voltage stability

Poor reliability of Power Supply

Grid Disturbance

Rapid increase in Demand Annual average increase of around 8 %

Reasons for Launch

Need for Reliable and Quality Power Supply for grown of Rural Economy

Minimizing possibility of unauthorized use of power

Reduction on migration from rural to urban area

Increase employment opportunities and better quality of life in rural areas

Efficient and optimum use of water thereby helping conservation of

ground water

Provision of 24 X 7 three phase power supply for residential, commercial and industrial consumers in all villages

Provision of reliable and continuous power supply to Agriculture for minimum 8 hours at predetermined time schedule

Power Sector Reforms

Unbundling of Erstwhile Gujarat

Electricity Board (GEB) into Seven

companies w.e.f 01/04/2005

One holding company for trading

One Generation Company

One Transmission Company

Four Distribution Company

Area of DISCOMS

Key Challenges for DISCOMS

AT&C Losses: bringing & maintaining below 15 %

Tariffs, metering, Billing and Collection

Checking Theft

Increasing cost of Power Purchase

Demand – Supply Gap High UI charges to pay

Open Access option above 1 MW Loss of essential consumers in competitive market

Efforts to achieve profit

Agriculture sector – difficult to access / book the energy consumption

Key Challenges – Ag Sector

Different Tariffs

-- Metered Tariff : Tatkal, Normal

-- Theft of power : bypassing meter during night hours

-- Flat Tariff (unmetered) : Unauthorized load

-- Resistance to install meters (even for energy auditing)

-- Low efficiency pumps

Farm House 24 X 7 hours power requirement

-- Extra cost to cater single phase power and billing

High Distribution Losses

-- DTC metering equipment's not safe

-- Consumers attempt to put it out of service

-- Consumers density very poor

-- Require more staff for vigilance activity and services

Rural Sector Problems

Erratic Power Supply

Low voltages

Mixed feeders with Agriculture

Load Shedding in domestic supply

Unreliable Metering/ Billing/ Collection

High failure rate of Distribution Transformers

Frequent failure of submersible pumps

Lowering of water tables

No energy accounting

High AT&C losses

Rural Power Reforms

24 hours domestic / commercial supply

8 hours agriculture supply

improved reliability f power supply

Preventive maintenance in place

Improved Metering/ Billing / Collection

Reduction in failure rates of pump motors

Migration to cities reduced

Better education & health services

Commercial / Industrial Development

Jyoti Gram Yojana (JGY)

Jyoti Gram Yojana in September 2003 on pilot basis

Jyoti Gram Yojana as a Government – local body participatory scheme but largely funded through State Phase Government’s Grant

The pilot covering 8 districts having large Agriculture demand successfully completed in October 2004

From November 2004 onwards all villages of the State covered under this scheme

Implemented throughout the State Covering 18000 villages and 9700 petaparas

Completed in March 2006

Total cost of the Scheme – Rs. 1189 crores of which grant from GOG is Rs. 1017 crores

Scheme Details

Bifurcation of rural load into two separate feeders :

Rural feeders getting 24 hours continuous 3 – phase power supply (called Jyotigram Feeders) catering to residential, commercial and industrial consumers

Agriculture feeders catering to demand for Agriculture purposes

Installation of Specially Designed Transformers (An innovation by the Engineers of Distribution Companies) on Agriculture Feeders to cater 1 – phase power supply to farmers residing in farms for the remaining period of the day after getting continuous 3 – phase power supply through Agriculture Dominant feeders

Metering of Transformers on JGY Feeders

Planning for Launch

Planning

-- Assessment of the nature and quantum of works involved

-- Assessment of resources (Manpower, Material and Funds) required

-- Deciding mode and methodology of execution of works

Works involved

-- Laying of 70,500 ckt Km of new HT/LT lines creating 1502 new Rural Feeders

-- Installation of 1572 nos of Specially Designed Transformers on

Agriculture feeders

-- Expansion of existing sub – stations by adding 1275 nos of 11/22 KV

vacuum Circuit Breaker Panels

-- Installation of 15,500 nos of new Transformers Centers

-- Expenditure incurred upto 31st Dec. 2006 is Rs. 1191 crores, which

included Rs. 1004 crores as Govt. gran

Cont.

Execution

-- Timely mobilization and procurements of materials ensured

-- Timely mobilization of required manpower through outsourcing for

the works in the field and supervision done through own personnel

Supervision

-- A special Jyoti Gram Yojana cell created at GUVNL exclusively to

monitor JGY implementation

-- Very close monitoring done at various levels including the

State Government

Benefits of the Scheme

Reduction in migration from Rural to Urban areas

Housewives able to use electrical appliances

More opportunity of local employment

Development of cottage/home industries and small scale industries

Provision of better health services and infrastructure facility

Power supply available to villages at the most needy time i.e. during morning and evening

Students encouraged to use computers for education

Entertainment available through TV, VCR, VCD. Local/ National/Inter National news also made available

Local dairy and milk testing processes helped

Improved life standards of villagers

Installation of meters on each village Transformer Centre for energy accounting

Cont.

Pilfer proofing of all electrical connection of villages

Reduction in Distribution loss and Distribution Transformer failure rate

Better Revenue Collection

No power cut in villages, major urban areas, Nagar Palikas and Industrial Estates GIDCs

Regulated but improved quality power supply to agriculture enabled efficient and optimum use of water, which in turn contributes to conservation of ground water resources

Reduction in failure of motor pumps sets of the farmers saving the maintenance cost

Outcome

Before JGY

Pre – JGY Load

Rostering System

8 – 14 hours of 3 –phase power

supply

10 – 12 hours of single – phase power supply

3 -4 hours of no power supply

Outcome

After JGY

• 24 hour 3 – phase supply to JGY feeders

• Min 8 hour 3 – phase continuous supply to Agriculture feeders

Load Rostering System under

JGY

Outcome

Reduction in T&D loss 4.88 % during year 2005 – 06

Reduction in Distribution Transformer Failure rate by 1.17 % during

year 2005 – 06

Better quality and reliability of power supply

Speedy restoration of Power supply at the time of calamity due to availability of parallel network

Improved load management which results in no load shedding in the state

Outcome

Rise in sold units of 1968.7 Million Units against rise in sent out units of 226.76 million units during April’ 05 to March ‘06 as compared with similar period of previous year

Net Gain : 1765 Million Units

Net Benefits Rs. 528 crores (considering Rs. 2.99 as average rate of

realization per unit)

Rise in sold out units of 1382.85 Million Units against rise in sent out units 84.73 Million Units during April ‘06 to September ‘06 as compared with similar period of previous year

Net Gain : 1280 Million Units

Net Benefit Rs. 383 crores (considering Rs. 2.99 as average rate of

realization per unit)

Total Gain : 3045 Million Units

Net Benefits : Rs. 910 crores

NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA

North Eastern States of INDIA

Population : 38,857,769

Area : 101,250 sq mi

Population Density : 380 sq mi

States and Territories : Arunachal Pradesh

Assam

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

Cont.

Official Languages : Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, English, Garo, Khasi, Kokborok, Manipuri, Mizo, Nepali,

Sikkimese, Urdu

Religion : Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Anismism, (Senamahism, Seng Khasi etc.)

Cont.

Northeast India is the eastern most region of India connected to East India via a narrrow corridor squeezed between Nepal and Bangladesh

It comprises the contiguous Seven Sister States (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura), plus the Himalayan state of Sikkim

These states are grouped under the MDONER ministry of the Government of India

Except for the Goalpara region of Assam, the rest were the entrants to the British India

The Brahmaputra valley area of Assam became a part of British India in 1824

Sikkim was annexed to the Indian union through a referendum in 1975 and was recognized as part of Northeast India in 1990s

Introduction

India’s North East Region (NER) is endowed with huge untapped

natural resources

The region is witnessing a series of insurgencies

It is alienated from the economic resurgence that the rest of the country is experiencing

The World Bank describes conditions in the region as a low – level equilibrium of poverty, non – development, civil conflict and lack of faith in political leadership

In spite of being endowed with vast natural resources in terms of forest, biological diversity, hydro – electricity, the region has remained largely underdeveloped

Cont.

Exploitation of the large hydro potential in the NER could be used for exporting to the power deficit northern and western regions

The improvement in power generation will in turn help in establishing lead industries

Opening up and augmenting trade with the neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh, Myanmar

development of any kind, particularly infrastructure, in this part of India will be associated with socio-political issues such as land acquisition and displacement of people, the policy and aids of the central and state governments should address these issues to accelerate the completion of developmental projects

Demographics and Social Infrastructure

The region comprises eight states-Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and Assam

Occupying 8% of India’s geographical spread,

The states are home to only 4% of the country’s population, while Assam accounts for 68% of the population

The region stands way below in comparison with the rest of India in socio-economic indicators

As per the 2001 census, the annual per capita income of NER is 6,625 INR against

the rest of India average of 10,254 INR

Nearly 34.28% of the population is below poverty line as compared to the national average of 26.1%.

However, the NER is a highly literate region. Except for Arunachal Pradesh, all the other states have literacy rates about or above national average of 64.8% which provides a good pool of educated human resources in the region.

Agriculture

The region is endowed with a varied topography and agro-climactic conditions which offer vast potential for agriculture, horticulture and forestry

However the region is lagging in agricultural development contrary to the national ethos

Reasons include a lack of appropriate strategies for the development of natural resources, inadequate infrastructure facilities and low adoption of improved technology

Current Scenario

-- Agriculture provides livelihood to 70% of the region’s population

-- In Mizoram, around 51% of the population lives in rural areas and is

dependent on agriculture

-- The figure in Sikkim is high at 89%.

-- The states continue to be net importers of food grains even for their

own consumption.

Cont.

This is due to the limited land available

for agriculture

The region has a forest cover of more

than 66.1% (ranging from 35.3% in

Assam to 90.7% in Mizoram) against

the national average of 21.1%

It accounts for about 8% of the total

geographical area of the country,

It has only 3.4% of land for agricultural

It contributes only 2.8% to the total

agricultural production

States Geographical Area

Forest Cover

% Forest Cover

Arunachal Pradesh

83743 67410 80.5 %

Assam 78438 27873 35.3 %

Manipur 22327 17090 76.5 %

Meghalaya 22429 17275 77.0 %

Mizoram 21081 19117 90.7 %

Nagaland 16579 13318 80.3 %

Sikkim 7098 3359 47.3 %

Tripura 10488 7977 76.1 %

NER 262179 173219 66.1 %

All India 3287263 692027 21.1 %

Forest Cover, 2011

Physical Infrastructure

Road and Railways

-- Road is an important mode of travel in the hilly areas as other mode

of travel is either too expensive or difficult.

-- The road infrastructure is relatively deficient in the NER

-- The total length of NHs in the region is 8,480 km

-- These are being developed and maintained by three agencies-the

state Public Works Departments, Border Road Organization (BRO)

and National Highway authority of India (NHAI)

-- Of the total length of 8,480 km, about 2,118 km is with the BRO and

5,409 km is with the respective state PWDs

-- The remaining length of 953 km is with the NHAI.

Cont.

The states have 2,473 km of NHs,

5,711 km of state highways, and

15,154 km of major district roads

The states have funds (from various

agencies such as Asian Development

Bank, etc.) to upgrade the

worn out state roads

States Road density per 1000 sq

km

Road density per 1000

population

Arunachal Pradesh

196.98 13.77

Assam 2936.51 7.83

Manipur 739.11 6.98

Meghalaya 438.67 3.89

Mizoram 292.11 6.35

Nagaland 1345.32 10.27

Sikkim 263.95 3.17

Tripura 3026.23 9.09

India 965.73 2.77

Road Density, 2008

Cont.

Airways and Waterways

-- Inland water transport can be a viable, cost-effective alternative in the

plain areas of NER given the high cost of expanding other mode

of transportation.

-- It will also create employment opportunities, promote tourism and open

up inter-country routes for trade and commerce

-- However, the following needs to be done:

-- There is a need to improve facilities for night navigation

-- Cargo vessels and terminals should be increased to meet the

rising demands

-- Emphasis should be on PPPs for the development of fairways

and infrastructure in IWT

Cont.

Major river routes in the NER are the Brahmaputra and the Barak in Assam which has a combined navigable length of around 1,000 km

In all the NER has about 3,839 km of navigable river routes

There are seven operational port locations in the state for import and export to the Kolkata and Haldia ports

There is an inland container depot (ICD) at Amingaon, 10 km from Guwahati, operated by the Container Corporation of India Ltd (CONCOR)

Waterway connectivity between Mizoram and the port of Akyab Sittwe s under construction and this could lead to enhanced trade opportunities within the country

The NE region has one international airport in Guwahati, Assam-the LokpriyaGopinath Bordoloi International (LGBI) Airport

Power

The region is endowed with perennial rivers and water bodies, therefore,

it has a huge hydroelectricity potential

This potential, if tapped well, can be used to export power to other regions

of the country

The spill-over benefts will be the development of infrastructure such as roads, communications, and electricity supply to remote hilly areas, resulting

in better quality of life.

States such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya have huge potential

in hydropower generation.

Cont.

2394

50328

4286 6249

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Identified Potencial (MW)

0102030405060708090

100

Capacity yet to be developed

Cont.

Many policies such as the ‘50,000MW hydro initiative, the Hydro Policy 2008 have been formulated by the central government to promote investment in hydropower in the region.

Under the Mega Power Policy, the qualifying threshold capacity for setting up hydropower plants in the region and for availing the special benefts thereof is 350 MW, whereas for the rest of the country, it is 500 MW.

Under the Hydro Policy 2008 the project developers in the central and state sector can explore the possibility of foreign assistance to fnance their projects.

This assistance is already being utilised by NEEPCO for Pare Hydro Electric Project and MeSEB for Renovation and Modernisation of Umiam II HEP.

Reason for Development of Energy Sector

Growth of Indian economy will depend on large-scale investments in its energy sector.

As per the planning commission’s estimates, India needs an installed capacity of 1200 GW by 2020 which is 7 times the existing capacity, to sustain the future economic growth

India has an installed capacity of around 255 GW (Nov 2014).

Investment requirement for the above expansion is estimated at USD 1200 Billion, of which USD 600 Billion is required in generation and USD 300 Billion each in transmission & distribution sectors

The pace of investments and implementation of projects have been slow in past leading to high peak (14%) and energy demand (11%) deficits

Cont.

There have been significant capacity additions in the past few years

The total transmission line length (220 kV and above) increased at a CAGR of 6.64% during the past three years

Total transmission transformation capacity (220 kV and above) grew at a CAGR of 4.87%

With over 75% of coal reserves and 45% of country’s hydro-electricity potential located in the eastern and north-eastern states of India, these states can transform themselves into a power hub for India

POWER SCENARIO OF NORTH EASTERN STATES OF INDIA

Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh, the largest among all the North-eastern states shares international boundaries with Myanmar to the east, Bhutan to the west, and China to the north

The state is sparsely populated and the wide dispersion in population makes the centralized generation and long T&D network a costly option

The Arunachal Pradesh Electricity Department, a vertically-integrated entity, is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power in the State

Although the state has a huge hydro potential to the order of 55,000 MW, it is mostly unexplored

The State’s own installed capacity is only 61 MW and is primarily dependent on purchase of power from CPSUs (share of 119 MW)

Peak demand of the state stood at 130 MW in 2008-09 and peak demand and energy deficit stand at 39.2% and 36.4% respectively which are way above the national average figures

Cont.

21

54

25

Installed Capacity (MW) in %

Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA, 2009

Arunachal Pradesh

Population (Million) 1.21

No of Consumers (,000) 122

Villages Electrified (%) 56.80

AT&C Losses (%) 61.59

Energy Availability (MUs)

271

Per Capita Consumption (Units)

224

Source : 2001 Census, CEA, PFC

Sikkim

Sikkim borders Nepal in the west, Tibet to the north and east, and Bhutan in the southeast, while the Indian state of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south

Sikkim plans to develop its hydropower resources and utilize the hydropower revenue for the social, educational, economic and other developmental aspects of its people

The state has an installed capacity of 46.11 MW (as on 31.03.2009) and has a share of 148 MW (as on 31.12.2009) in the Central Sector Generating Stations

In 2008-09 the state experienced a 13 MU (3.8%) energy shortage and a 2 MW (2.1%) peak demand deficit

The State’s transmission system primarily consists of 132 kV lines and 66 kV lines

The state of Sikkim has huge untapped hydro power potential to the tune of 8000 MW on the river Teesta, Rangit and their tributaries

Therefore, Sikkim has developed a liberalized power policy to facilitate capital investment through public, private or joint sector

Cont.

40

39

21


Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA, 2009

Sikkim

Population (Million) o.60





330


552


Cont.

In order to expedite the hydro power development in the state through private sector participation the Sikkim Government has formed Sikkim Power Development Corporation Ltd (SPDCL) to facilitate joint venture between private power developers and the government

Apart from development of various small hydel projects, SPDCL has also awarded more than 25 projects with an estimated installed capacity of 4,694 MW to NHPC and other private developers under private, joint or public sector schemes

Assam

Assam is the only state in NER with a separate generation (APGCL), transmission (AEGCL) and distribution Companies

The State’s own installed capacity accounts to around 447 MW and central share of 509 MW as against peak demand of 958 MW in 2008-09

Peak deficit of 16.8% and Energy deficit of 10.6%

Assam’s transmission system consists of 1333 ckt km of 220 kV lines, 2712 ckt km of 132 kV lines and 602 ckt km of 66 kV lines

Assam System has got relatively strong 220 kV and 132 kV network in comparison with other NER states with a number of touch points with the NER grid

The Govt. of Assam has been implementing rural electrification programme in Assam through Distribution Company With a view to achieve electrification of all villages of Assam and provide access to electricity to all households in line with the National Rural Electrification Policy 2004 & Rural Electrification Policy of Govt of Assam, Rural Electrification works particularly under Rajiv

Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) scheme have been carried out

Cont.

5344

3


Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA, 2009

Assam






4567


153


Cont.

There are 2145 remote villages in the state which cannot be electrified through grid

These villages have been taken up under MNRE programme for electrification through the means of non-conventional sources of energy

ASEB, AEDA and the Forest Department will implement the programme

Village wise projects are under preparation in these agencies as per the guidelines of the Ministry of New and Renewable Sources of Energy,

Govt. of India

Assam has state generation of around 447 MW, but the effective generation comes to around 200 MW (max)

Meghalaya

Meghalaya is one of the few states in the region with surplus power generation

The river basins of Meghalaya have a potential of about 2,400 MW of Hydel Power

The State is a major benefciary of the South West Monsoon

All the rivers of Meghalaya are monsoon fed

The Umiam-Umtro basins have only been partly developed during the past forty years

The State is in the process of identifying agencies that can invest in the development of Meghalaya’s considerable hydro power potential

Meghalaya State Electricty board (MeSEB) is responsible for electricty generation, transmission and distribution

Peak demand of the state stood at 457 MW in 2008-09 as against the available generation of 293 MW

The state’s installed capacity stands at around 190 MW and effective capacity at around 170 MW

Peak demand defcit and energy defcit stand at 35.9% and 19.1%

The transmission is primarily at 132 kV level of around 685 ckt km

Cont.

10

79

11


Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA 2009

Meghalaya






1386


541


Manipur

The state of Manipur is endowed with plenty of hydropower potential in its hilly streams and rivers

It is estimated that the hydro power potential of the state is around 2,000 MW

However, barely 108.2 MW has been harnessed in the form of one medium project and micro projects

The Loktak Hydro Electric Project (3x35 MW) commissioned in 1984 is so far the main source of power supply in the State

Tipaimukh H. E. Project of 1500 MW for which environmental clearance has

already been given, MOU with the Govt. of Manipur has been executed

and NOC from the Govt. of Mizoram & Assam obtained will make Manipur

as one of the largest power producing state in the region

Cont.

45

51

4


Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA 2009

Mizoram

Mizoram has an installed capacity of 69.33 MW (as on 31.03.2009) contributed majorly by isolated diesel power stations scattered at various places and has a share of 42.47 MW (as on 31.03.2009) in the Central Sector Generating Stations

In 2008-09 the state experienced a 61 MU (18.5%) energy shortage and a 36 MW (36%) peak demand deficit

Mizoram, being a hilly terrain, steep, and separated by rivers following either to the north or to the south, creating deep gorges between the hill ranges, has potential for small and seasonal small hydro project

Small Hydel plants thus have advantage of modest front-end costs and benefits that are not far off in time

Cont.

5728

15


Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA 2009

Nagaland

Nagaland is located in the extreme North-eastern end of India, bounded by Myanmar in the east, Assam in the west, Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in the north with Manipur in the south

The Department of Power, Nagaland, is responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of power in the State of Nagaland

The state has negligible capacity of its own

Majority of the Nagaland’s demand (86 MW in 2008-09) is met from the central sector allocation and peak demand deficit and energy deficit are of the order of 9.5% and 8.2% respectively

Nagaland has potential of around 1,600 MW in Hydel power generation which provides a scope of investment opportunities in the Power sector

Cont.

20

52

28


Thermal

Hydro

Others

Source : CEA 2009

Tripura

Tripura is a landlocked hilly state in northeastern India with the majority of the population living in the plains

Tripura has an installed capacity of 243.36 MW (hydro: 25 % and thermal: 68%)

The state is having a Peak demand of 167 MW, peak deficit of 6.6% and energy deficit of 9.0%

In 2008-09, out of the total energy requirement of 800MU, 728 MU could be met by the state.

Tripura has vast reserves of high methane content (up to 97%) natural gas which can be utilized as a cheaper source of energy for various energy-intensive industrial projects

The present estimated production potential is about 4.03 MMSCMD

ONGC has been actively engaged in exploration activities in the state since 1972

With the ongoing efforts, the availability of natural gas in Tripura is expected to significantly go up in near future

Key Challenges, Issues & Way Forward

R&R issues : —Land acquisition in NER arises due to inaccurate or incomplete data of land ownership and resettlement issue of native people dependent on land/forests

Environmental Concerns :— Obtaining MoEF clearance has become a major issue in the recent past and this particularly applies to NER with its rich bio-diversity

Physical infrastructure :—Power projects require massive infrastructure backing especially roads to transport heavy equipment and helicopters to transport smaller sized equipment, particularly for Small Hydro Plants

Transmission & Distribution : — Due to scattered demand in the region, per unit cost of transmission in NER is higher compared to other parts of the country

Development of Micro Grid for rural electrification because of low density of population

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Presentations & Public Speaking

Jyoti Gram Yojana and Rural electrification in north eastern states of india