Sustainable Energy:

An Element of Urban Revitalization

Philip Michalowski, AICP

David Kooris, AICP

Ben Toby

Daniel Donovan

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AN ELEMENT OF URBAN

REVITALIZATION

PANEL

Moderator: Philip Michalowski, AICP, Director of Planning, Milone & McBroom

Panel: David Kooris, AICP, Director of Planning and Economic Development, Bridgeport, CT

Ben Toby, Vice President of Sales, FuelCell Energy

Daniel Donovan, Principal, NuPower, LLC

BGreen 2020 A Sustainability Plan for Bridgeport, Connecticut Energy Generation Infrastructure Supporting Economic Development

David M. Kooris Director, Office of Planning and Economic Development

CT’s Most Populous City: ~150k Spatially Confined: 16.1 Sq Mi Lower Income: Median HH Income less than ½ that for County

Where We’ve Been

• 2009: From Vision to Plan:

Establishing a Framework – Mayor’s Executive Order

– Carbon Inventory

– Public/Private Partnership

– CAC And Five Technical Committees

– Comprehensive Sustainability Plan

• Developing Stakeholder Relationships

• Identifying Project and Program Opportunities

• Land Use / Transportation

• Energy

• Recycling

• Business, Jobs & Purchasing

• Green Spaces

• Water Resources

• Outreach and Education

“Recipient of Governor’s 2010 Climate Change Award”

BGreen 2020

City Energy Plan Using EECBG (2010)

% Increase Sector-Based 22% (adjusted 24%)(E) Population-Based 18% (adjusted 14%)(E) Sector-Based 11% (adjusted 13%)(BAU) Population-Based 10% (adjusted 6%)(BAU)

A Quantified Strategy for Emissions Reduction

Green Building Renewable Energy Land Use and Transportation MSW/Recycling & Water Attainable through Utility, State, Regional, & Federal Actions (not quantified)

Setting Achievable But, Difficult Targets

Boost Bridgeport’s Regional Train Ridership Transfer Auto To Bus Transit Carpool, Vanpool, & Car Share TOD Walk and Bike Switch to Alt Vehicle Fuels Reduce Municipal Fleet Emissions Benefit from CAFÉ Standards

Energy Efficiency & Generation

• Energy Improvement District

• Comprehensive Energy Plan

• Green Energy Park

• Fuel Cell Park

• Biomass Projects to Convert Food Waste & Sludge to Electricity

• Municipal Building Retrofit/ Performance Contracting

• Solar Leasing Initiatives

• Residential Aggregation & Weatherization Programs

• First Municipality in CT to Implement C-PACE (Commercial & Industrial Property Assessed Clean Energy)

Total Energy Consumption in $ for all City Buildings

Facilities Consolidation + Retrofits

2300000

2500000

2700000

2900000

FY 08 FY 09 FY 10 FY 11 FY 12$

Waste Recovery Plant

• Owned by Waste Management

• ~70 Mw

• Anchor Entity Reclassifying Waste

• Opportunities for Carbon Sequestration for Economic Development

Fuel Cell

• Non-Combustion Generation from Natural Gas

• Second Largest in World

• 15 MW • Developed by Fuel

Cell Energy • Owned by

Dominion • CT Project 150 • Grid PPA with CL&P

Green Energy Park

• ~5 MW Solar (~3MW) and Fuel Cell (~2MW)

• Grid Generation by UI

• City Land – 20 Year Lease

• Legislative Action on Generation

• Regulatory Relief on Return

Sludge and Waste Food Digesters

Sludge • City RFP • ~1.5MW • Direct Energy Sale to

Facility • Remove ~200 Trucks Food • ~3MW • PPA with City via Virtual

Net Metering & Local Industrial Purchase

• Legislative Action (CT & NYC)

• Spinoff ED Potential

Thermal Loop

• Low Temperature • Capture Waste Heat

from Waste-Energy and Fuel Cell

• Eliminate Need for Local Heating Plants for 6 Million Sq Ft of Buildings

• Lower Operating Costs; Competitive Advantage

• CEFIA • C-PACE

Bridgeport Biodiesel & American Oil Solutions

Biodiesel • DEEP Permits for

Yellow and Brown Grease

• EPA Permits for Sale • Expanding from 1-

10 Million Gallons / Year

American Oil • Recycles Tires • Oil, Metal • Gas to Run Process

and Power Building • Water Heated for

Facility

Green Workforce Housing

• Adaptive Re-Use

• 375 Units

• LEED Certified

• Public Support in Acquisition

• Public Support on Environmental and Parking

• Remake City Gateway

Microgrid & Virtual Net Metering

Microgrid

• Legislative Action

• PILOT Program – Awarded First Round

• ~1.5 MW

• Natural Gas

• N+1 Redundancy

• State Pays for Interconnect and City Pays for Generation

Virtual Net Metering

• Legislative Action

• Up to 5 Municipal Meters

• Up to 10 Meters if Connected to Microgrid

Resiliency

• Rebuild By Design

• HUD Post-Sandy Initiative

• 10 Communities

• Planning for 2080

• Combination of Soft and Hard

Solutions

THANK YOU!

David M. Kooris

Director

Office of Planning and Economic Development

City of Bridgeport

999 Broad Street, 2nd Floor

Bridgeport, CT 06604

David.kooris@bridgeportct.gov

203-576-7221

Ultra-Clean | Efficient | Reliable Power

Bridgeport CT: National Leadership in Clean Energy

Presentation for SNEAPA October 2014

24

Manufacture / EPC

Global manufacturing profile • North America

• Europe

• Asia via partner

Engineering, Procurement and

Construction • Project development

• Project Finance

R&D

Design megawatt–class

distributed power

generation solutions

• Global fuel cell platform

• Robust intellectual property

portfolio

• Developing hybrid

applications of existing

technology for new markets

Integrated Fuel Cell Company

Services

Operate & Maintain power

plants

• Over 100 DFC® plants

operating at more than 50

sites in 9 countries

• >2.8 billion kWh ultra-clean

power produced

• > 300 MW installed/backlog

Providing turn-key distributed power generation solutions NASDAQ: FCEL

25

Scalable Solutions

Individual fuel cell

&

350 kW fuel cell stack

Four-Stack Module

1.4 megawatts

Completed module

1.4 megawatts

2.8 MW

DFC3000®

• Utilizes two modules

• Adequate to power

2,800 homes

1.4 MW

DFC1500®

• Utilizes one module

• Adequate to power

1,400 homes

59MW fuel

cell park • Utilizes 21

DFC3000

plants

Global platform – scale enhances economics

26

Near-zero Emissions

Power Source Efficiency (%LHV)

NOx (lb/MWh)

SOx (lb/MWh)

PM¹⁰ (lb/MWh)

CO₂ (lb/MWh)

Average U.S. Grid 33% 3.43 7.9 0.19 1,408

Average U.S. Fossil Fuel Plant 36% 5.06 11.6 0.27 2,031

DFC® Fuel Cell on Nat Gas 47% 0.01 0.0001 0.00002 940

DFC® Fuel Cell on Nat Gas (CHP) 80% 0.006 0.00006 0.00001 550

DFC® Fuel Cell on Biogas (CHP) 80% 0.006 0.00006 0.00001 0

Source for non-DFC data: “Model Regulations For The Output Of Specified Air Emissions From Smaller scale Electric Generation

Resources Model Rule and Supporting Documentation”, October 15, 2002; The Regulatory Assistance Project report to NREL

27

Competitive LCOE (USA)

$0.20 to

$0.15

$0.10 to

$0.07 $0.10

to $0.05

$0.23 to

$0.18

$0.09 to

$0.06

$0.12 to

$0.09

$0.15 to

$0.07

T&D

T&D T&D

T&D

T&D

T&D

T&D

$0.00

$0.05

$0.10

$0.15

$0.20

$0.25

FuelCell

Energy 2.8 MW

Wind 100 MW

$0.14 - $0.15(a)

$0.09 - $0.11(b)

$/kWh Unsubsidized Levelized

Cost of Energy (LCOE)

CT Baseload Power $0.14

CA Baseload Power $0.12

(d)

Distributed

Solar PV(c)

10 MW

Combined

Cycle 550 MW

Nuclear 1,100 MW

Coal 600 MW

Intermittent Renewable Generation

Utility

Solar

PV(c) 10 MW

Central Generation(f)

(a) LCOE of $0.15/kWh with natural gas at $8/mmBtu or $0.14.kWh at $6/mmBtu; each $2/mmBtu change equates to about $0.01/kWh.

(b) Mid-term LCOE target of $0.09-$0.11/kWh based on global production volume of approximately 210 MW annually.

(c) Distributed solar based on rooftop installation in SW USA with 20-23% capacity factor; Utility solar based on tracking technology and 27-28% capacity.

(d) Installation and maintenance cost of Transmission & Distribution (T&D) is estimated to add up to $0.024/kWh.

(e) Gas peaking addresses intermittency of solar and wind when power is required but sun not shining/wind not blowing.

(f) Does not include waste disposal costs, incremental emission clean-up costs or nuclear-related security costs.

Source: Company estimates, Lazard’s Levelized Cost of Energy Analysis—Version 7.0 , U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) & Oak Ridge National Lab.

Gas(e)

Peaking 100-200 MW

28

29

Combined Heat & Power Applications

300 kW Hot Water CHP for Onion

Waste digester in California

2.8 MW Hot Water CHP Waste Water

Digester Plant in California

1.4 MW Steam CHP for campus

energy system at University in CT

Type: 14.9 MW fuel cell park Owner: Utility owned DOC: Dec-2013

30

• Power sold to grid

• Enhances grid resiliency

• Renewable baseload power

• Easy to site – 14.9 MW on only 1.5 acres

– Clean, quiet & vibration free

– Urban brownfield now a revenue generator

Dominion Bridgeport Fuel Cell Park

“The Dominion Bridgeport Fuel Cell

Park is another important step in our

efforts to identify and develop

opportunities to produce clean energy

that is reliable and cost effective" Thomas F. Farrell II, Chairman

President and CEO

Dominion

31

Strategic Benefits

• Adds new ‘clean energy’ generation to

Dominion’s portfolio

• Private capital providing public benefits • Local and state tax revenue

• Job creation in Connecticut

• Ultra-Clean power generation in an urban location • Virtually zero NOx that causes smog

• Virtually zero PM10 the can contribute to asthma

• Revitalizing industrial urban area

• Meets 2% of CT RPS goals • Meeting 10% of Project 150 program

• Viable distributed generation resource in utility

service area and beyond • Ultra-clean baseload power generation

• Ideal for use in combined heat and power applications

• Power islanding applications

• Modest space requirements • About 10 MW of fuel cells per one acre, compared to

• About 1 MW of solar per one acre

32

Operation & Maintenance

The fuel cell park is operated and

remotely monitored by the FuelCell

Energy Global Technical Assistance

Center (GTAC)

The GTAC remotely operates

installations around the world,

including:

• Monitoring operating status

• Performing remote troubleshooting, diagnostics and resolution

• Utilizing a quality tracking system

• Dispatching field service technicians

Trained technicians staff the GTAC

around-the-clock, 365 days per year

Field service personnel provide on-site

maintenance

Global Technical Assistance Center (GTAC)

Danbury, Connecticut

Type: 59 MW fuel cell park Owner: Consortium w/ electric & gas utility DOC: Dec-2013

33

• Scalable consisting of 21 DFC3000® power plants – Only ~ 5.2 acres for 59 MW

• Supplying electric grid and district heating system

• Constructed in only 14 months

• Adequate to power ~ 140,000 S. Korean homes

World’s Largest Fuel Cell Park

“The scale of this

installation is contributing

to the power and heating

needs of an urban

population and generating

the electricity in a highly

efficient and ultra-low

emission profile that

supports our National

renewable portfolio

standard,” Tae-Ho Lee

Chief Executive Officer

Gyeonggi Green Energy

Thank you!

34

Fuel Cell Technologies

35

36

How the Direct FuelCell® Works

Electrochemical Conversion of

Fuel Heating Value to Electricity

– Inherently more efficient than

engines and turbines

– Ultra-Clean:

• No combustion

• Virtually zero pollutants • Negligible Nox

(causes smog), Sox

(causes acid rain), PM

(aggravates asthma)

– Continuous baseload power

– Scalable with high efficiency

– Easy to site

• Low emissions, quiet,

modest space

requirements

– Hydrogen produced within

fuel cell from clean natural

gas

– No need for H2 infrastructure

37

Fuel Cell Configuration

FUEL OXIDANT

BIPOLAR PLATE

ANODE MATRIX

CATHODE

38

Fuel Cell Stack Configuration

Individual fuel cell component

400 components are used to build one 350

kW fuel cell stack

4 stacks are combined to build a 1.4 MW plant

The stacks are enclosed, creating the fuel cell module

Two modules are used for a 2.8 MW power plant

$0

$200

$400

2010 2011 2012 2013 Q3 2014

Product Services Advanced technology

Financial Highlights

USD in millions USD in millions

USD in millions

Revenue Gross Profit

Revenue Backlog Product Cost per kW

$0

$100

$200

2010 2011 2012 2013 LTM - Q32014

-$20

-$10

$0

$10

2010 2011 2012 2013 LTM - Q32014

22% CAGR

$0

$2,500

$5,000

$7,500

$10,000

2003 2007 current mid-term

Current costs only 25% of first commercial sale in 2003

39

NuPower Thermal LLC Bridgeport District Heating Project

October 24, 2014

40

Bridgeport Thermal

41

Low Temperature District Thermal use of waste heat to provide

economic, efficient and environmentally friendly domestic

hot water and space heating

Bridgeport Thermal

42

Low Temperature District Heating Proven Technology

• Greater Copenhagen Regional Thermal – approximately 1.5 million

households, representing around 60% of the Danish population with much of the heat supplied generated by CHP.

• Stanford University – converted from

central cogen plant to low temperature heat recovery system with addition of 20 miles of low temperature piping and 150 campus buildings

Bridgeport Thermal

LOW TEMPERATURE DISTRICT HEATING

43

Bridgeport Thermal

Flexible Pipe Installation

Copenhagen, Denmark

44

Buried Plastic Valves Copenhagen, Denmark

Bridgeport Thermal

BUILDING INSTALLTION – THE HEAT EXCHANGER

45

Bridgeport Thermal

Low Temperature District Heating Overview

Several reliable waste heat sources

Large concentration of thermal customers

lower capital & operating cost and low line loss

Provide long term heating at discount to current heating option

46

City of Bridgeport, CT

47

Bridgeport Thermal

Bridgeport Thermal

48

BRIDGEPORT 19.4 SQ. Miles Pop. – 146,425 (2012)

The Bridgeport Thermal Project

49

Bridgeport Thermal

The Bridgeport Thermal Project

50

Bridgeport Thermal

Bridgeport Thermal

Project Services

• Low Temperature Thermal Energy

• Heat Recovery • Heat Delivery

• Converting Low Cost Electric Power to Chilled Water

51

Distribute Energy Products as Licensed Thermal Energy Carrier

Bridgeport Thermal

52

Project Team

Ramboll Group • District Thermal Engineering Design Firm • Focus – District Thermal/Building Design/Environmental

Engineering Smith Engineering

• Engineering Consulting Firm • Focus – Central Energy Plant Optimization and Customer Data

Analysis Milone & MacBroom

• Regional Civil Engineering Firm • Focus – Pipe Route Analysis and Permitting

Bridgeport Thermal

Thermal Customer Profile Totaling approximately 3.5 million square feet

53

• Academic • University of Bridgeport • Housatonic Community College

• Commercial • Webster Arena • Peoples Bank

• Government • City Buildings • State Buildings

Bridgeport Thermal

Wheelabrator WtE Facility 67 MW

54

Emera Combined Cycle Facility 520 MW

Potential Heat Sources

United Illuminating Fuel Cell Facility 3 MW

Bridgeport Thermal

Project Steps

55

• Quantified customer cooling and heating loads

• Completed technical evaluation and selection of heat recovery

• Complete network design – November 2014 • Enter into customer and thermal host

agreements – January 2015 • Develop turnkey bid packages • Start construction – mid 2015

Bridgeport Thermal

NuPower Bridgeport Thermal LLC

Contact: Daniel Donovan ddonovan@nupowerllc.net 203.395.4148

56