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Benito Mussolini
and Adolf Hitler
German troops invade Poland
Peace treaty that ended World War I
Germany given total blame for World War I
Germany was forced to do four things:
1) Dismantle most of its military
2) Pay for most of the damages done during the war (reparations)
3) Withdraw its military along border between France and Germany
4) Give up territory used to create countries of Poland and Czechoslovakia.
Great War
left all
of Europe in
shambles
Great Depression
hit Europe as well
Instability of
Europe led to the
rise of…
Europe after World War I
Totalitarian state: Government which attempts to control
every aspect of the lives its people; people give blind
loyalty to their leaders
Joseph Stalin
Soviet Russia
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Italy
Adolf Hitler
Nazi Germany
European dictators of the 1930s
Nazi rally in Nuremberg Fascist rally in Italy
…then both took total power after they
outlawed other political parties
A Great World Leader?The world had a different
view of Hitler in 1937
In the four years after Hitler
took power, unemployment
had dropped dramatically,
Germany was in industrial
powerhouse, and they even
hosted the Olympics
Hitler was even chosen
Time magazine‟s Man of
the Year in 1938
Nazi Germany Fascist Italy
Imperialist Japan
Neutrality Act of 1935
Made it illegal for U.S.
businesses to sell
arms to foreign
countries
Neutrality Act of 1937
Required foreign
countries to pay for
U.S. goods with cash
instead of credit and
ship goods
themselves
Leaders in Congress felt it was big business that
drew the U.S. into World War I
Hitler ignores the
Treaty of Versailles
and reoccupies the
Rhineland in 1937
Hitler and the
Germans occupy
Austria in 1938
Austria
In 1938, Hitler
wants Sudetenland,
threatens to invade
Czechoslovakia
Leaders of France and Great Britain call for a meeting with
Hitler in an attempt to avoid war. The meeting is called…
RhinelandPoland
Czechoslovakia
Hitler meets with
British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlin
and French diplomat
Edouard Daladier in
Munich, Germany
Hitler says the
Sudetenland is his
last desire to complete
“lebensraum”
Neville Chamberlin , Adolf Hitler and Edouard
Daladier
The British and the French give in to Hitler’s demands
Giving in to someone in order to avoid conflict
Chamberlain returns to London
and declares that he has secured
“peace in our time”
The British and the French
were willing to give Hitler
and the Nazis whatever he
wanted in order to keep
from having to go to war
Within a year, Hitler claims the rest of Czechoslovakia
Poland is next, leading to…
Germany Invades Poland on September 1, 1939
World War II Begins!!!
BLITZKRIEGGerman for “lightning war”
Focused on hitting enemy quickly using airplanes, fast-
moving tanks and moving troops by mobile transport
Great Britain France
United StatesSoviet Russia
THE ALLIES
In 1940, Hitler turns to the West and
conquers France
The Fall of France
Germany conquers France
England was the only thing left standing to
keep Hitler from conquering all of Europe
After conquering
Poland and France,
Hitler attempted to
conquer the England
The Battle of Britain
The Battle of Britain was four-month air battle
between the British RAF and the German Luftwaffe
The British won the battle and Hitler and the
Germans gave up on their plan to invade England
Roosevelt revises the
Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Act of 1939 –
U.S. sells Great Britain
warships in exchange
for military bases
Some Americans are
opposed to FDR’s
assistance to Allies
Americans who want
the U.S. to remain
neutral create the… Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Staunchly believed in
isolationism
• Firmly opposed any American
intervention or aid to the Allies
Herbert Hoover Charles Lindbergh
Famous members of AFC
1940 Presidential Election Electoral Votes
Roosevelt becomes FIRST (and ONLY) U.S. President to be elected
more than twice (he is later elected to a fourth term)
Lend-Lease Act passed in 1941Allowed the U.S to
lend or lease arms to
any country that was
considered vital to
the defense of the
United States
U.S could send
weapons to Great
Britain if Britain
promised to return
or pay rent for them
after the war
Government
goes from a
democracy…
… to a
government
controlled by
the military
Japan needed more
natural resources
Japan takes over part of Manchuria
in Treaty of Versailles
Military conquers rest of Manchuria in 1933
Japan takes
control of Indo-
China, in 1941
Japan wanted
Indochina for its
abundance of
natural resources
U.S. places an oil
embargo on Japan
until it withdraws
from Indochina
Japan sees U.S. as a roadblock to its expansion plans, leading to…
December 7,
1941Pearl Harbor is the U.S.
naval base in Hawaii
for its Pacific Fleet
USS Arizona on fire and sinking after Japanese attack
• 21 ships damaged or sunk
• 188 planes destroyed
• Over 2,400 killed or injured
On the following day…
FDR calls December 7, 1941 “a date which will live in infamy.”
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
The USS Arizona, where 1,177 crewmen died after two direct hits
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
A Japanese torpedo bomber takes aim at a US ship
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
The USS Shaw suffers a direct hit
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
Planes on fire at Hickam Airfield during attack at Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
Japanese airplanes prepare to take off from a Japanese
aircraft carrier
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
USS West Virginia on fire after the attack
America
on the
Home
Front
Mobilizing the economy
created almost 19
million new jobs and
nearly doubled the
average family’s income
War ends the Depression
Mobilizing: building a
military, building war
materials in factories,
etc.
America
mobilizes for war
Mobilizing for WarWar Production Board
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Government agency
that set priorities and
production goals. It also
had the authority to
control the distribution
of raw materials.
Government agency that had the
power to make loans to companies
to help them cover the cost of
converting to war production
War Production ramps upPresident Roosevelt declared a
national emergency and
ordered that U.S. factories
build 50,000 warplanes a year
Henry Ford created an assembly line to build B-24 bombers
Automobile companies began to
make trucks, jeeps, and tanks.
They also made rifles, mines,
helmets and other pieces of
military equipment
A segregated U.S. militaryAfrican Americans had
separate barracks, mess
halls, and recreational
facilities
Blacks were organized into
their own military units
Numerous military leaders
did not want blacks
fighting in combat because
they did not trust them
Blacks make contributions
Benjamin O. DavisFirst black to reach the
rank of General
Tuskegee Airmen
First all black fighter pilot
squadron in U.S. history
Numerous African Americans
made important contributions to
the war effort during World War II
Navajo Code Talkers
A group known as the Navajo Code Talkers were U.S. Marines
of Native American descent who used their native language
as code during the war
Native Americans also made
contributions to the war effort
Bracero
Program Government
introduced program to
help farmers in the
Southwest overcome
the labor shortage
Over 200,000 Mexicans
came to the United States
to help harvest fruits and
vegetables
Contributions of womenWomen’s Army Corps (WAC)
First women other
than nurses to serve in
the U.S. Army
WOMEN in the WORKPLACEBecause of wartime labor
shortages, factories are forced to
hire women to do industrial jobs
traditionally reserved for men
“Rosie the Riveter”
“Rosie the Riveter” poster
Great symbol of the campaign to
hire women
Appeared on posters and in
newspaper ads
Eventually 2.5 million women went
to work in shipyards, aircraft
factories, and other manufacturing
plants
Women
Ordinance
Workers (WOW)
Their work permanently
changed American
attitudes about women in
the workplace
BLACKS in the WORKPLACE
FDR issues Executive Order 8802
Outlawed discrimination in the hiring
of workers in defense industries
Fair Employment Practices Commission
First civil rights agency set up by the
federal government since the 1870s
A. Philip RandolphFounder of the Brotherhood
of Sleeping Car Porters –
a major union for African
American railroad workers
Led first organized African
American labor movement
Shift to the SunbeltSun Belt is a region of the United States generally
considered to stretch across the South and West
The region led the way
in manufacturing and
urbanization in the U.S.
Many
Americans
moved to the
South and
West during
the war
Japanese Internment
U.S. military rounded up 120,000 people of
Japanese ancestry – 77,000 of which were
U.S. citizens – and put them in places called
internment camps to keep watch on them
Following Japanese
attack on Pearl
Harbor, American
distrust of anyone of
Japanese decent
grew massively
Japanese InternmentJapanese were not
allowed to live on
the west coast,
including all of
California
Executive Order 9066
President Roosevelt authorized the internment
Law allowed local military to designate "military areas" as "exclusion
zones", from which "any or all persons may be excluded."
Japanese InternmentKorematsu
v. United States
U.S. Supreme Court
case concerning the
legality of internment
of Japanese
American citizens
Supreme Court ruled
that internment was
legal because it was
based on military
urgency, not race
Japanese American
Fred Korematsu sued
saying his rights
were being violated
Fred Korematsu
Rationing begins in AmericaGovernment rationed goods
such as sugar, butter, milk,
cheese, eggs, coffee, meat ,
gasoline and canned goods
Ticket for rations of gasoline
Households were given a book of
ration coupons each month. When
they used all their coupons, they
could buy no more items that month.
Rationing led to the growth of…
Victory GardensAmericans volunteered to plant
gardens to produce more food
People grew their own food so
the troops would have more
Natural resources in short supplyGovernment
organized scrap
drives for the war
effort.
These materials
included old tires,
metal, paper and
old rags.
Invest in America: Buy War BondsTo help the war
effort financially,
the government
asked citizens to
buy war bonds
When Americans
bought bonds,
they were loaning
money to the
government
Americans bought nearly $50 billion worth of war bonds.
Financial institutions bought back about $100 billion dollars worth in
the years following the war.
Propaganda during the warPropaganda tried to sway public
opinion to support the war effort
Propaganda portrayed
the enemy as someone
who was a threat to you
and your family
Propaganda during the war
These posters addressed the religious differences
between the Nazis and many Americans
Propaganda during the war
This poster reminded Americans of the atrocities that
the Japanese had committed against the U.S.
Loose lips…
…sink ships
Propaganda during the war
American
GI’s off
to war
World War II
in Europe
Dwight D. Eisenhower Franklin D. Roosevelt
Omar Bradley George S. Patton
Supreme
Commander of
the Allied forces
in Europe;
planned Allied
invasion of
Europe
President of the
United States for
most of World War
II; was elected to
a third and fourth
term of office
during the war
Commander of
the U.S. Army in
Europe; led the
American forces
in the Battle of the
Bulge; later
Chairman of Joint
Chiefs of Staff
U.S. general during
World War II who
played a large part in
the U.S. victories in
Italy and North
Africa; nicknamed
„Old Blood and Guts‟
U.S. builds up its militarySelective Service and Training Act passed
Recruits sent to
basic training
for eight weeks
to prepare them
for how to fight
in war
They learned
how to handle
weapons, read
maps and dig
ditches
U.S.
government
starts the draft
European Theater
Battle of the Atlantic
By August of 1942, German submarines had sunk 360
American cargo ships
Because of the heavy losses, the U.S. set up a convoy
system for its trade ships
Battle of the Atlantic during WWII pitted German U-boats
against Allied convoys
Cargo ships traveled in groups and were escorted
by navy warships
Hitler conquers most of Europe
The Axis powers of Germany and Italy controlled much of Europe by 1941
Before taking Poland in 1939, Hitler signs a non-aggression pact with Russia, but in 1941…
World War II starts in
1939 when Hitler
invades Poland
Hitler conquers France
and the Low Countries
by the Spring of 1940
Hitler attempts to
invade England but
loses Battle of Britain
Hitler turns his attention
to the East and wants to
conquer Soviet Russia
England
France
Russia
Germany
Italy
Germany invades RussiaOperation Barbarossa
When the harsh Russian winter hits, the German
offensive stalled and the Germans were stopped
outside of Moscow and Stalingrad
Hitler and the Nazis
break their peace
agreement with Russia
and invade in 1941
Germans move to the
outskirts of Moscow
and Stalingrad by the
end of 1941
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the
war on the Eastern Front
First major
defeat for the
Germans in
World War II
Casablanca Conference
Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt at Casablanca
Meeting of British Prime
Minister Winston
Churchill and U.S.
President Franklin D.
Roosevelt in1943 in
North Africa
Churchill and Roosevelt
met to discuss plans for
an Allied invasion of
Europe
Leaders agreed that the
first step would be an
invasion of Italy
Allies invaded Italy
The invasion began in July of 1943.
U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, called Italy the “soft underbelly” of
Europe.
The defeat of the Germans in Sicily caused Italy’s king to arrest Benito Mussolini and begin negotiating for
Italy’s surrender.
Victory in Italy paves the wave for…
Operation OverlordThe Allied Invasion of Europe
General Dwight D. Eisenhower was the chosen to command
the invasion force
Invasion’s purposes:
Make the Germans have to fight the
war on two fronts
Free Europe from German control
D-Day
Allies land at five beaches, nicknamed:
June 6, 1944The Allied
invasion of Europe
UTAH
Landings occurred
on the beaches of
Normandy, France
Normandy
FRANCE OMAHA GOLD
JUNO SWORD
D-Day
The Allied invasion of Europe
The invasion was successful and the Western Front was born
June 6, 1944
Allies sent in hundreds of ships and thousands of men in first three days of the attack
Battle of
the Bulge
Hitler uses his best forces to attack the
Allies in an effort to reach a stalemate
Last major offensive of
World War II by Hitler
and the Germans in the
Ardennes Forest in 1944
Germans caused a “bulge” in the
Allied lines in an attempt to break
through, but were turned back
Fall of the Third Reich
Russian troops
from the East were
entering Berlin in
April, 1945
Following the
Battle of the Bulge,
Germany had
nothing left to stop
the Allied forces
American forces
were pouring
across Germany‟s
Western border
In April, 1945, Adolf Hitler and his top commanders
committed suicide
V-E DayVictory in Europe
Day
On May 7, 1945,
the Germans
surrendered
World War II in
Europe was over
U.S. focus shifted
to Japan in the
Pacific Theater
The Holocaust
The HolocaustAfter the war, the world
discovered that during the
war the Germans had mass
murdered millions of Jews
This attempted genocide
of the Jewish race when
over 6 millions Jews were
killed became known as
the Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust
Coming up next:
The War
in the
Pacific
AMERICA
in the
PACIFIC
Gen. Douglas MacArthur Adm. Chester Nimitz
Commander of the
U.S. Army in the
Pacific Theater;
oversaw Japan‟s
surrender on
September 1, 1945
U.S. President at
the conclusion of
the war; made the
decision to drop
the atomic bomb
on Japan
Harry S. Truman
Commander-in-
Chief of the
United States
Naval Fleet in the
Pacific during
World War II
Pacific Theater
Japanese Co-Prosperity SphereJapan‟s vision for a New
Great Asia under the slogan
“Asia for Asians.” Western
colonizers were to be
expelled and Japan become
the “liberator” of all Asians
Japan conquered China and
Indo-China to “unite” Asians
Extent of the Japanese Empire (1942) Japanese Rising Sun flag
Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941
USS Arizona on fire during attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
Gave a massive boost to the
American moraleIt showed the Japanese that the U.S.
had the capability to attack their
mainland at anytime
Impact of Doolittle Raid
American air raid on Japanese
capital of Tokyo in April of 1942
Raid was planned and led by Lt.
Col. James "Jimmy" Doolittle
B-25 bombers were launched
from a U.S. aircraft carrier
James Doolittle (second from left) and his crew
Philippines falls to JapanFour months after its
attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese complete
the conquest of the Philippines
Before evacuating his command center in the Philippines, American commander Douglas
Macarthur vows “I shall return.”
The Bataan Death MarchThe Japanese captured
75,000 Allied soldiers after its victory in the Philippines
The Japanese marched those that surrendered 60 miles with no
food or water. Over 6,000 died or were executed on the march.
Following its attack on Pearl Harbor,
Japan was planning an invasion of the
U.S.; needed island of Midway for a base
U.S. broke Japanese code and knew about
the plan to attack Midway; U.S. leaders
set a trap
The U.S. Navy “ambushed” the Japanese fleet at Midway, sinking four
of Japan‟s aircraft carriers in a resounding victory for the Americans
Battle of Midway
Battle was the
turning point
of the War in
the Pacific
Japan was on the defensive for
the remainder of the war
“Island hopping” in the PacificFollowing the U.S. victory at the
Battle of Midway, the tide of the
War in the Pacific turned
U.S. went on the offensive and
began taking back islands that
Japan had conquered before 1942
U.S. re-captured strategic
islands and by-passed others,
leaving Japanese troops cut off
This strategy was called
“island hopping.”
Chang Kai-Shek, FDR, Winston Churchill
MacArthur returns to the PhilippinesOne of the key U.S.
victories in the “island
hopping” strategy was
retaking the Philippines
To take back the
Philippines, the United
States put together a
huge invasion force
In March of 1945,
American troops
finally recaptured the
capital city of Manila
As he had promised nearly three years before, U.S.
Commander Douglas Macarthur had returned
Japanese use kamikazesFollowing the Battle of Midway,
Japan was on the defensive
The Japanese began using
an attack tactic known as
“kamikazes”
Kamikaze was the Japanese
word for “divine wind” and
was a suicide attack.
In a kamikaze attack, a
Japanese pilot would crash
his plane into a U.S. ship A kamikaze attack hits the USS Essex in 1944
A Japanese kamikaze about to hit the USS Missouri
War in Pacific intensifies
U.S. Marines raise flag atop
Mt. Suribachi on Iwo Jima
As Americans move closer
to Japanese mainland,
each island becomes
tougher to take
Japanese soldiers fight
to the death and refuse
to surrender
Thousands of U.S. soldiers die taking islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Manhattan Project
Albert Einstein
The project to develop the first
nuclear weapon (atomic bomb)
Albert Einstein wrote a
letter to FDR warning
him of the type of
destruction splitting the
atom could have
Research convinced
FDR to begin a program
to build an atomic bomb
Robert Oppenheimer, left, was the director of the Manhattan Project
Decision to drop the bomb
Harry S. Truman
Truman talks over plan to drop atomic bomb with his Secretary of War
Person making the decision to use the atomic
bomb is U.S. President Harry Truman
Truman became president after FDR dies
of a brain hemorrhage in early 1945
Reasons Truman
decides to use A-
bomb: 1) Japanese
soldiers were fighting
to the death 2) Japan
would not surrender
Atomic bomb dropped on Japan
(left) A mushroom cloud
rises above Hiroshima after
the bomb exploded (below)
“Little Boy,” the atomic
bomb that was dropped on
Hiroshima (right) Enola Gay
and its pilot Paul Tibbits.
First atomic bomb was dropped on
Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945
Bomb was called “Little Boy”; plane
dropping bomb was the “Enola Gay”
Three days later, another bomb was
dropped on Japanese city of Nagasaki
Aftermath of atomic bomb
Aftermath of atomic bomb
The dropping of the
atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and
Nagasaki led to the
unconditional
surrender of Japan
on August 15, 1945
V-J Day: Victory over Japan
The war is over!!
The war is over!!World War II officially
came to and end on
September 2, 1945
Gen. Macarthur oversees the Japanese surrender
aboard the USS Missouri
Aftermath of World War IIThere were four main results of World War II on the world
An estimated 60-80 million people
were killed during the war, over half
of which were civilians
The United States and Soviet Russia
became the “superpowers” of the world
Europe was split in half between the
Democratic West and the Communist East
Creation of United NationsA last result of World
War II was the creation of a new world peace-keeping organization –
the United Nations
The UN was founded to stop wars between
nations, and to provide a platform for nations to
discuss differences
Coming up in Unit 8
The
Cold
WarDemocracy vs. Communism