Presidents of the United States Part 4a of 8

Presidents of the

United States:A look at the presidents and political parties from

1981 to 2016. As well as an overview of the current 2016 election.

Table of Contents:Page Title: Page Number:History of US Political Parties 4

Overview of the Parties 5Democrat 15Republican 49

Decade Overview 1980 to 1989 84Ronald Wilson Reagan 90

President Profile 91President Reagan’s First Term

95

Domestic Events 96International Events 102Economic Overview 108Policies 118

President Reagan’s Second Term

149


Presidential Pros & Cons 183

Page Title: Page Number:Decade Overview 1990 to 1999 188

George Herbert Walker Bush 194President Profile 195



Table of Contents:Page Title: Page Number:

William Jefferson Clinton 250President Profile 251President Clinton’s First Term

255


President Clinton’s Second Term

298



Page Title: Page Number:Decade Overview 2000 to 2009 339

George Walker Bush 345President Profile 346President Bush’s First Term 350


President Bush’s Second Term

400



Table of Contents:Page Title: Page Number:Decade Overview 2010 to 2016 441

Barack Hussein Obama II 446President Profile 447President Obama’s First Term

451


President Obama’s Second Term

497



Page Title: Page Number:Presidential Election 2016 543

Republican Candidate Profile 544Democrat Candidate Profile 548

Candidates on the Issues 552Work Cited 578

Decade Overview:

“The Reagan Years”

1980 to 1989

Decade Overview:

1980• 125,000 Cubans fled to the

US• Crack-cocaine epidemic

started in full force

1981• AIDs was identified as a

new plague• PCs were introduced by

IBM

1982• Vietnam war memorial

opened • Falkland islands invaded

by Argentina

1983• Sally Ride becomes the

first US woman in space• US Embassy in Beirut

bombed

1984• Ferraro became the 1st US

female vice president candidate

• Poison gas leak in Bhopal, India

Compiled by author from: history1900s.about.com & cnn.com & onthisday.com & timetoast.com

Decade Overview:

1985• The hole in ozone layer

is discovered• Soviet Union and US

meet in Geneva summit

1986• Space shuttle

Challenger explodes • US bombs Libya

1987• DNA first used to convict

criminals• NY Stock Exchange suffers

a 500 point drop on "Black Monday"

1988• Pan am flight 103 is

bombed• US shoots down Iranian

airliner

1989• Berlin wall falls• World Wide Web

invented

Compiled by author from: history1900s.about.com & cnn.com & onthisday.com & timetoast.com

Ronald Wilson Reagan:

President from 1981 to 1989.“To restore the great, confident roar of American

progress and growth and optimism."

Profile:Born:

February 6, 1911 in

Tampico, Illinois

1937: Reagan becomes an

actor

1962: He registers as a

republican

1964: Reagan makes his final movie

1966: He is elected as

Governor of California

1970: Reagan is re-elected as Governor

1980: He was elected as president

1981: Reagan was

inaugurated

1984: He was re-elected as president for

a second term

2004: Reagan passed away

Compiled by author from: shmoop.com

President

Reagan’s First Term:

Domestic Events:

1981:

• Space Ship Launch

• Lower Taxes• 1st Female Justice

1982:

• Recession • Senate Bill Passed

• Knoxville World Fair

• Highest Unemployment Rate

1983:

• “Star Wars” Created

• Social Security Legislation

1984:

• Ban of Chemical weapons

• Reagan Re-elected

• Louisiana World Exposition

Compiled by author from: shmoop.com & americasbesthistory.com

International Events:

1981:

• Cold War• Poland Government• Spain Civil Guard• Nicaragua

Supporters• Italy’s Communist

1982:

• Mexico’s Economy• Unemployment in

Britain• Guatemala Power

Coup• People’s Republic

of China

1983:

• US Granada Invasion

• Soviet Union Accuses US of Treaty Violation

• Iran Invades Iraq• Israeli withdrawal

From Lebanon

1984:

• Britain & China Agreement

• Algeria Family Code Laws

• Nicaragua Accuses US of Aggression

Compiled by author from: presidential-power.org & fsmitha.com

Economic Overview:

An overview of the economic state of the

country during President Reagan’s first term.

Images from: Google Images

Gross Domestic Product:

1981 1982 1983 1984

$6.62 $6.49

$9.79

$7.29

Real GDP (Trillions of US

Dollars):

1981 1982 1983 1984

-4.0%

-2.0%

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

2.6%

-1.9%

4.6%

7.3%

GDP Growth Rate:

Compiled by author from: thebalance.com

Debt:

1981 1982 1983 19840.00%5.00%

10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%

30.85%33.47%

36.76% 38.41%

Government Debt to GDP:

1981 1982 1983 1984

$997.90$1,142.00

$1,377.20$1,572.30

National Debt:(Billions of US Dollars)

Compiled by author from: polidiotic.com & fred.stlouisfed.org

Investment:

1981 1982 1983 1984

-15.0%

-10.0%

-5.0%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

-9.7%

14.8%

17.3%

1.4%

S&P 500:

Compiled by author from: indexmundi.com & forecast-chart.com

1981 1982 1983 1984

$0.10$0.08

$0.09

$0.13

Foreign Direct Invest-ment

(Billions of US Dollars):

Employment:

1981

1982

1983

1984

1.14 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28

1.20

1.19

1.21

1.26

Total Employed Persons

(In Millions):

Compiled by author from: dlt.ri.gov

1981 1982 1983 19840.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

7.6%9.7%

9.6%

7.5%

Unemployment Rate:

Inflation & Interest Rates:

1981 1982 1983 19840.00%1.00%2.00%3.00%4.00%5.00%6.00%7.00%8.00%9.00%

10.00%8.72%

8.15%

6.59%

8.20%

Interest Rate:

1981 1982 1983 19840.0%1.0%2.0%3.0%4.0%5.0%6.0%7.0%8.0%9.0%

10.0%8.9%

3.8% 3.8% 3.9%

Inflation Rate:

Compiled by author from: thebalance.com & data.worldbank.org

Confidence & Ownership:

1981 1982 1983 1984

98.1897.80

100.18

101.34

Consumer Confidence Indicator:

Compiled by author from: fred.stlouisfed.org

1981 1982 1983 198461%62%63%64%65%66%67%68%69%70%

65.4%64.8% 64.7% 64.5%

Home Ownership Rate:

Exports & Imports:

1981

1982

1983

1984

$0.00 $100.00 $200.00 $300.00 $400.00 $500.00

$310.57

$299.39

$323.87

$400.17

Imports of Goods and Services (Billions of US

Dollars):

Compiled by author from: data360.org

1981

1982

1983

1984

$250.00 $260.00 $270.00 $280.00 $290.00 $300.00

$294.40

$275.24

$266.11

$291.09

Exports of Goods and Services (Billions of US

Dollars):

Policies:Policies that were

created during President Reagan’s first term.

Images from: Google Images

Domestic Policy:

Overview:President Reagan obtained

legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb

inflation, increase employment, and

strengthen national defense

He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of

defense forces led to a large deficit

Compiled by author from: whitehouse.gov

Domestic Policy:• For the first time since the 1920s:

• The government was shaping its fiscal policy to promote investment more than consumption

• Reduce taxes and regulatory burden on corporations and wealthy people

• For the first time since the 1950s:

• The administration was attempting to stop the growth of many areas of government

• They reduced or eliminated programs that Americans had come to consider as guaranteed

Economy

Domestic Policy:

• A three-year, 30% reduction in both individual and corporate income tax rates• The biggest single tax reduction in American history

He advocated for supply-side economics in which he proposed:

• The greatest beneficiaries were people in the highest bracket• According to the supply-siders, they would be the most likely to use the surplus income to invest in the economy

Tax cuts affected people in all income groups

• Stimulate economic growth much more effectively than the traditional liberal approach of increasing government spending• Congress approved the president's proposal in late July 1981, after lowering the reduction to 25%

Cutting taxes would:

Compiled by author from: presidentprofiles.com

Taxes:

Domestic Policy:Would not:

Reduce the 10% of the budget committed to

paying interest on the national

debt

Reached $1 trillion during Reagan's first year in office

Reduce spending on Social broad-based programs

Programs include: Social

Security, Medicare, and

others

Did Reduce:Spending for

smaller programsConstituting about 10% of the budget

Many were designed to

help the poorest

Americans


Spending

Domestic Policy:

Federal Subsidies For Low-income

HousingFood Stamps Federal Aid to

Education

Federal Contributions to

State Governments

Placed New Restrictions on Aid to Families with Dependent

Children

Government—forcing Staff And Service

Cuts in Almost all Departments

They Cut or Reduced Spending to the Following:


Spending

Domestic Policy:• Reagan increased spending as well

• He proposed an enormous increase in the military budget to rebuild armed forces

• He claimed the military had been allowed to deteriorate badly in the 1970s

• Spending totaled $1.5 trillion over five years (25% increase which was later scaled back)

• The administration increased the already tight spending restrictions on Medicaid

• The major program of medical assistance for the poor, which the federal government financed jointly with the states

Spending

Domestic Policy:

The Department of Transportation: Slowed implementation of new rules limiting automobile emissions and imposing new safety

standards on cars and trucks

The Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department:Eased enforcement of civil rights laws

The Environmental Protection Agency:Relaxed or entirely eliminated enforcement of critical environmental laws and regulations

By getting government "out of the way," Reagan officials promised, they were helping to ensure economic revival

Regulation


Domestic Policy:• Much more damaging to the president's political fortunes was a steep

recession that began late in the 1981

• Soon the recession became the most severe since the Great Depression

• Reagan's economic policies were not responsible for the downturn; few of them yet had a chance to have an impact on the economy

• The administration did little to fight the recession once it began

Recession

Domestic Policy:

The recession was particularly devastating for American industry

Manufacturers had been suffering from the high interest rates for several years• Hundreds of thousands of them lost their land in the course of the 1980s• Once the recession began, businesses closed plants and eliminated hundreds of thousands of

jobs

Farmers, even more dependent on exports than manufacturers, fared worse

Recession


Domestic Policy:• The recovery was a result of many factors:

• The Federal Reserve finally eased interest rates early in 1983

• A worldwide "energy glut" and the virtual collapse of the powerful cartel of Middle Eastern oil producers stopped the upward spiral of energy prices

• This did much to fuel inflation and inhibit economic growth in the 1970s

• The staggering levels of deficit spending pumped billions of dollars into the sagging economy

Recovery

Domestic Policy:

Reagan had promised not only to reduce taxes and

cut spending, but to balance the federal

budget

Instead:

His policies contributed to the largest budget deficits

in American history

They Lead to the tripling of the national debt

during his eight years in office

Overall


Domestic Policy:One of Reagan's most important

legacies was his contribution to an enduring fiscal crisis

He helped create a federal budget that was structurally, and radically,

unbalanced

He launched an era in which the national debt grew steadily and

dramatically for many years

Overall


International Policy:

Reagan sought to achieve "peace

through strength" and improve

relations with the Soviet Union

Reagan believed in cabinet government

and assigned a higher role to his secretary of state

than to his national security adviser

Compiled by author from: whitehouse.gov

International Policy:Reagan declared war against

international terrorism, sending American bombers against Libya

after evidence came out that Libya was involved in an attack on

American soldiers in a West Berlin nightclub

By ordering naval escorts in the Persian Gulf, he maintained the

free flow of oil during the Iran-Iraq war

In keeping with the Reagan Doctrine, he gave support to anti-Communist insurgencies in Central

America, Asia, and Africa

Meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev lead to a negotiated

treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles

International Occurrences:

International Policy:• The Defense buildup happened because the Soviet Union had not

abided by the limitations of the SALT II treaty intended to maintain nuclear parity between the superpowers

• The buildup had three objectives:

• Strengthening the military in case of war

• Persuading European allies that the US would not abandon them

• Encouraging the Soviets to come to the bargaining table

Defense Build Up

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News & Politics

Presidents of the United States Part 4a of 8