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of benefit standards

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Page 1: of benefit standards
Page 2: of benefit standards

Roots of Welfare System in China

East Confucianism Buddhism Taoism 三民主義

West Communism Socialism

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SocialismSocial welfare as the

strategy to achieve socialism ….

Proletarian work ethic Egalitarianism Mass line Revolution ethics of

loyalty and obedience Control of resources

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Welfare Strategies collectivisation distribution according t

o work and need related to economic

policy (primary distribution)

Enterprises

Urban / Rural Government

Ministry of Civil Affaris

3-Tiers System

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Enterprise

Full-employment Life-long job Low wage High benefit A ‘community’

Welfare Development, 1949-77

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Urban government

City government Street Committee

街道委員會 Resident Committ

ee

居民委員會

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Rural Area

Commune Five Protected Ho

useholds 五保戶 Benefit levels vari

ed in different districts

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Ministry of Civil Affairs

administrative & welfare functions

From central to local ‘Three Nos’ 三無 Veteran & martyrs 優撫 Welfare Factory 福利工廠 Fupin 扶貧

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Cultural Revolution 1966-76

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1978: Economic Reform & Modernisation

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‘Structural’ Reforms

Ownership of resources End of Commune to new collective

Reform of SOE

Private ownership of resource / company

Removal of protection which have been provided by the former

collective (through employment and membership of a collective -- commune / committee)

From ‘collective’ / state to ‘individual’

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Enterprises….. Urban …..

Enterprise / Collective end of full / tenure

employment layoff and dismissal lost of work and lost

of protection co-payment

(workers’ contribution to social security / insurance)

Urban government alternative sources fo

r financing the services

mobilisation of community resources

setting up of minimum living standard protection system

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Rural …..

Formation of new collective (from commune to town, village etc)

Development of rural-based enterprises

Creation of social security / insurance system

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Ministry of Civil Affairs

Lack of money Socialisation of Com

munity Service 社區服務社會化

Welfare factory facing with competition in open market

Continuos variation of benefit standards across district

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Current Issues ….

Public finance problem Unemployment Increasing inequality Commercialisation of social service

s, social stratification Needs fulfillment?!

Increasing affluent!