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Riparian Preservation
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RIPARIAN FUNCTIONS FOR A GENERAL PLAN
Sherman Swanson
UNR
Riparian PFCWhat It Is And What It Is NotPFC is a consistent assessment of the PHYSICAL
FUNCTIONING of riparian -wetland areas
PFC considers hydrology, vegetation, and soil and landform attributes
PFC describes a state of RESILIENCY
Riparian PFCWhat It Is And What It Is Not
PFC helps prioritize management/ restoration activities where the system is “AT RISK”
PFC helps determine the timing or correctness of management actions
Riparian PFCWhat It Is And What It Is NotPFC is a qualitative assessment based on
quantitative science for people with local knowledge
PFC helps analyze management strategies and design monitoring plans
PFC can reduce the frequency or cost of monitoring by focusing effort on key factors
NATURAL RIPARIAN RESOURCES
PROPER FUNCTIONING CONDITION –
DEFINITION
RIPARIAN-WETLAND areas are functioning properly when adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to:
Dissipate STREAM ENGERGY associated with high flows
Filter SEDIMENT and CAPTURE BED LOAD Aid FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT Improve FLOOD WATER RETENTION and
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE Stabilize STREAMBANKS
PROPER FUNCTIONING CONDITION PROVIDES FOR:
Habitat for FISH and WILDLIFE
Improved WATER QUALITY
Improved FORAGE PRODUCTION
Decreased SOIL EROSION
Greater BIODIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
FUNCTIONAL AT RISK
RIPARIAN-WETLAND areas that are in Functional Condition,
But, a Soil, Water, or Vegetation attribute makes them
SUSCEPTIBLE TO DEGRADATION
NONFUNCTIONALRIPARIAN-WETLAND areas that CLEARLY
ARE NOT PROVIDING adequate Vegetation, Landform or Large Woody Debris to:
Dissipate Stream Energies associated with higher flowsFilter Sediment and Capture BedloadAid in Floodplain Development Improve Floodwater Retention and Groundwater
RechargeStabilize Streambanks
NONFUNCTIONALAreas that are Nonfunctional
DO NOT provide quality wildlife habitat
DO NOT provide improved Water Quality
DO NOT improve Forage Production
EXHIBIT INCREASED Soil Erosion
EXHIBIT DECREASED Biodiversity
Riparian PFC
Team Approach!!
HydrologySoil Science/GeomorphologyPlant EcologyFish & Wildlife BiologyLandowner/Permittee
STREAM CROSS SECTIONS
Potential
Highest ecological status a riparian area can attain given no political, social or economic constraints
PFC?
PFC?
The Toolbox
Stream Classification Rosgen (1996)
Vegetation - Channel
relationships
From Rosgen 1996.
Slope: < 2 %W/D: < 12Sinuosity: > 1.5Valley: broad/meadow
E6 type channel. Silt / clay dominated substrate.
C4 type channel. Gravel-dominated substrate.
Slope: < 2 %W/D: > 12Sinuosity: > 1.4Valley: broad/terraces
Vegetation Associated with Functional Stream Types
General Rules High gradient (> 2%) = woody riparian plants Low gradient (< 2%) = herbaceous plants
CAPABILITY
The highest ecological status a Riparian-Wetland area can attain given Political, Social, or Economical Constraints
Potential and Capability Identify Locally Relevant Attributes &Processes
HydrogeomorphicVegetationErosion/DepositionSoilsWater Quality
PFC
Vulnerable
Time
Decision Space
Fisheries ValuesLivestock ValuesRecreation ValuesWildlife ValuesWatershed Values
Desired Condition
Bare Ground
PNC
Current Current ConditionsConditions
Desired Desired Future Future
ConditionsConditions
Current Current ConditionsConditions
Desired Desired Future Future
ConditionsConditions
PFCPFC
» Desired Future Condition (DFC)Desired Future Condition (DFC)
PFCPFC does notdoes not equalequal
PFCPFC does notdoes not replacereplace»Legal Requirements, e.g., ESA, CWALegal Requirements, e.g., ESA, CWA
Supports
Supports
PLANNING PROCESS (Adaptive Management)
EXISTING CONDITION
POTENTIAL CONDITION
PFC (what is needed)
RESOURCE VALUES (what is wanted)
PRIORITIZE AT-RISK areas
BASE-LINE MONITORING
GOALS and OBJECTIVES
PLANNED ACTIONS
SHORT & LONG-TERM MONITORING
FLEXIBILITY
STREAM RECOVERY
Recovery RatesNon-Functional
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (yrs)
Condition
Herb. veg
Woody veg
Channel
Water Qual
WQS/RMOs
PFC
KGC-11KGC-11
-40-40
-20-20
00
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100
8-Aug
8-Aug
10-A
ug
10-A
ug
12-A
ug
12-A
ug
14-A
ug
14-A
ug
16-A
ug
16-A
ug
18-A
ug
18-A
ug
20-A
ug
20-A
ug
22-A
ug
22-A
ug
24-A
ug
24-A
ug
26-A
ug
26-A
ug
28-A
ug
28-A
ug
30-A
ug
30-A
ug
DateDate
Tem
per
atu
re (
Deg
rees
F)
Tem
per
atu
re (
Deg
rees
F)
AirAir
WaterWater
DifferenceDifference
Difference in Air & Water TemperaturesDifference in Air & Water TemperaturesBear Creek - Central OregonBear Creek - Central Oregon
19761976
IFLM-22
KGC-12
00
2020
4040
6060
8080
100100
120120
7-Aug
7-Aug
9-Aug
9-Aug
11-A
ug
11-A
ug
13-A
ug
13-A
ug
15-A
ug
15-A
ug
17-A
ug
17-A
ug
19-A
ug
19-A
ug
21-A
ug
21-A
ug
23-A
ug
23-A
ug
25-A
ug
25-A
ug
27-A
ug
27-A
ug
29-A
ug
29-A
ug
31-A
ug
31-A
ug
DateDate
Tem
per
atu
re D
egre
es F
Tem
per
atu
re D
egre
es F
AirAir
WaterWater
DifferenceDifference
Difference in Air & Water TemperaturesDifference in Air & Water TemperaturesBear Creek - Central OregonBear Creek - Central Oregon
19981998
IFLM-23
1
2 3
A Management Chain Reaction Rotation grazing (or other strategy) leads to At least a four inch stubble height leads to An increase in colonizers leads to Deposition there of fine sediments leads to An increase in stabilizers leads to Narrowing a stream leads to Increased floodplain access & aquifer recharge leads to Improved base flow leads to Improved water and habitat quality leads to Increased fish populations leads to Increased recreationist satisfaction
So, where is the objective?
A Management Chain ReactionWhere is the objective?
Rotation grazing At least a four inch stubble height An increase in colonizers Deposition there of fine sediments An increase in stabilizers Leads to narrowing a stream Increased floodplain access & aquifer recharge Improved base flow etc. Improved water and habitat quality Increased fish populations Increased recreationist satisfaction
Efficiently MonitoredObjectives
Efficiently MonitoredActions
PFC
Values
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENTADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
TTII
MMEE
ANNUALANNUALINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= End-of-season condition= End-of-season conditionresidual vegetationresidual vegetationbank alterationbank alteration
3 - 5 - YEARS3 - 5 - YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative= Vegetative greenlinegreenline
= = Water and Habitat QualityWater and Habitat Quality
DECADESDECADESINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
5 - 10 YEARS5 - 10 YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative/Physical= Vegetative/Physical X-section compositionX-section composition Woody recruitmentWoody recruitment Greenline to GreenlineGreenline to Greenline WidthWidth Bank StabilityBank Stability
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
TempTemppoolspools
e.g.e.g.
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENTADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
TTII
MMEE
ANNUALANNUALINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= End-of-season condition= End-of-season conditionresidual vegetationresidual vegetationbank alterationbank alteration
3 - 5 - YEARS3 - 5 - YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative= Vegetative greenlinegreenline
= = Water and Habitat QualityWater and Habitat Quality
DECADESDECADESINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
5 - 10 YEARS5 - 10 YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative/Physical= Vegetative/Physical X-section compositionX-section composition Woody recruitmentWoody recruitment Greenline to GreenlineGreenline to Greenline WidthWidth Bank StabilityBank Stability
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
TempTemppoolspools
e.g.e.g.
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENTADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
TTII
MMEE
ANNUALANNUALINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= End-of-season condition= End-of-season conditionresidual vegetationresidual vegetationbank alterationbank alteration
3 - 5 - YEARS3 - 5 - YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative= Vegetative greenlinegreenline
= = Water and Habitat QualityWater and Habitat Quality
DECADESDECADESINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
5 - 10 YEARS5 - 10 YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative/Physical= Vegetative/Physical X-section compositionX-section composition Woody recruitmentWoody recruitment Greenline to GreenlineGreenline to Greenline WidthWidth Bank StabilityBank Stability
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
TempTemppoolspools
e.g.e.g.
ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENTADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT
TTII
MMEE
ANNUALANNUALINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= End-of-season condition= End-of-season conditionresidual vegetationresidual vegetationbank alterationbank alteration
3 - 5 - YEARS3 - 5 - YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative= Vegetative greenlinegreenline
= = Water and Habitat QualityWater and Habitat Quality
DECADESDECADESINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
5 - 10 YEARS5 - 10 YEARSINDICATORS OFINDICATORS OFRECOVERYRECOVERY
= Vegetative/Physical= Vegetative/Physical X-section compositionX-section composition Woody recruitmentWoody recruitment Greenline to GreenlineGreenline to Greenline WidthWidth Bank StabilityBank Stability
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
e.g.e.g.
TempTemppoolspools
e.g.e.g.
Objectives should Be:Specific – What will be achieved, where, and when
Measurable – With recognized monitoring methods
Achievable – With likely management
Realistic – Within the timeframe and budget
Trackable – Within law, policy, plans, and issues
»Determine appropriate monitoringDetermine appropriate monitoring
PFC HelpsPFC Helps
»Determine potential and capabilityDetermine potential and capability
»Define issues that need to be addressedDefine issues that need to be addressed
»Selecting appropriate management practicesSelecting appropriate management practices
»Provide linkage between reach/watershedProvide linkage between reach/watershed processes and habitat/water quality conditionsprocesses and habitat/water quality conditions
Ideas for a General PlanPermanently protect floodplains with flood-
compatible land usesRebuild bridges that focus flood energyAvoid rip-rap and give rivers room to be riversPlan for storm water retention in new
developmentEmbrace a functioning economy and functional
water catchments & riparian areas
ATTRIBUTES/PROCESS LISTHYDROGEOMORPHIC
GROUND-WATER DISCHARGE ACTIVE FLOODPLAIN GROUND-WATER RECHARGE FLOODPLAIN STORAGE & RELEASE FLOOD MODIFICATION BANKFULL WIDTH WIDTH/DEPTH RATION SINUOSITY GRADIENT STREAM POWER HYDRAULIC CONTROLS BED ELEVATION
ATTRIBUTES/PROCESS LIST
VEGETATION COMMUNITY TYPES COMMUNITY TYPE DISTRIBUTION DENSITY CANOPY COMMUNITY DYNAMICS & SUCCESSION RECRUITMENT/REPRODUCTION SURVIVAL
ATTRIBUTES/PROCESS LIST
EROSION/DEPOSITION BANK STABILITY BED STABILITY DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES
ATTRIBUTES/PROCESS LISTSOILS
CAPILLARITY ANNUAL PATTERN OF SOIL WATER STATES ERODIBILITY FERTILITY
ATTRIBUTES/PROCESS LIST
WATER QUALITY TEMPERATURE SALINITY NUTRIENTS DISSOLVED OXYGEN SEDIMENT
NON-LINEAR TIMELINESNON-LINEAR TIMELINES
The power of drought – For allowing vegetation to encroach into a stream The power of Floods – For moving sediment, building banks, forming channels
The power of disturbance – for reinitiating succession
To set the amount of change in an objective, consider:
•The magnitude of the change expected, •The variation in the data•The expense of monitoring needed to detect the change•Drivers and responses
INVENTORY ALL STREAMS UTILIZING PFC PROCESS
Modify Management Strategy
FAR w/Downward Trend Or
Non- Functional
Attain RMOs
Continue MonitoringRMOS
Upward Trend
Continue ManagementStrategy
PFCOr
FAR w/Upward Trend
Continue Management Strategy
Static/Downward Trend
Modify Management
Strategy
Monitor RMOS Monitor “NOs” From Checklist
Modify Management Strategy
Static/DownwardTrend
Attain PFC
Continue ManagementStrategy
Continue Monitoring(Iinclude RMOs)
Upward Trend
These objectives could be quantified for a specific location.
For example:At the Designated Monitoring Area 2 on Bear
Camp Creek: Increase colonizers by 50% Increase stabilizers by 50% Narrow the greenline to greenline width by 20%
But, When?
STANDARD CHECKLIST -- HydrologyYES NO NA 1) Floodplain above bankfull is inundated in
“relatively frequent” events
2) Where beaver dams are present, they are active and stable
3) Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance with the landscape setting (i.e., landform, geology, and bioclimatic region)
4) Riparian-wetland area is widening or has achieved potential extent
5) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation
1.) FLOODPLAIN ABOVE BANKFULL IS INUNDATED IN “RELATIVELY FREQUENT” EVENTS
1.) Floodplain above bankfull is inundated in “relatively frequent” events
2.) Where beaver dams are present they are active and stable
2.) Where beaver dams are present they are active and stable
3.) Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance with the landscape setting (i.e., landform, geology, and bioclimatic region)
3.) Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance with the landscape setting (i.e., landform, geology, and bioclimatic region)
4.) Riparian zone is widening or has achieved potential extent.
5.) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation
-- VegetationYES NO NA 6) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland
vegetation (recruitment for maintenance/recovery)
7) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery
8) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics
9) Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses capable of withstanding high-streamflow events
10) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor
11) Adequate riparian-wetland vegetation cover is present to protect banks and dissipate energy during high flows
12) Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and/or large woody material (for maintenance/recovery)
6.) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for maintenance/recovery)
7.) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery)
8.) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics
9.) Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses capable of withstanding high stream flow events
9.) Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses capable of withstanding high stream flow events
0 2 4 6 8 10Relative Stability Class
Bare Ground
Willow-Sedge
Willow-Bluegrass
Beaked Sedge
Bluegrass
Baltic Rush
Anchored Rock
Coyote Willow
STABILITY
ROOT MASS
0
5
10
15
20
25
Miles
NebraskaSedge
Baltic Rush DouglasSedge
NevadaBluegrass
Column of soil12"X12"X16"
0 to 4 in
4 to 8 in
8 to 12 in12 to 16 in
10.) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor
11.) Adequate vegetative cover is present to protect banks and dissipate energy during high flows
12.) Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and/or large woody material (for maintenance/recovery)
12.) Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and/or large woody material (for maintenance/recovery)
-- Erosion/Deposition
YES NO NA 13) Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarse and/or large woody material) are adequate to dissipate energy
14) Point bars are revegetating with riparian-wetland vegetation
15) Lateral stream movement is associated with natural sinuosity
16) System is vertically stable
17) Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no excessive erosion or deposition)
13.) Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarse and/or large woody material) are adequate to dissipate energy
14.) Point bars are revegetating with riparian-wetland vegetation
15.) Lateral stream movement is associated with natural sinuosity
16.) System is vertically stable
17.) Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no excessive erosion or deposition)
17.) Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no excessive erosion or deposition)
RIPARIAN-WETLAND AREAS FUNCTION RIPARIAN-WETLAND AREAS FUNCTION PROPERLY WHEN ADEQUATE PROPERLY WHEN ADEQUATE VEGETATION LANDFORM, OR LARGE VEGETATION LANDFORM, OR LARGE WOODY DEBRIS IS PRESENT TO WOODY DEBRIS IS PRESENT TO DISSIPATE STREAM ENERGY DISSIPATE STREAM ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH WATERFLOWS, THEREBY REDUCING WATERFLOWS, THEREBY REDUCING EROSION AND IMPROVING WATER EROSION AND IMPROVING WATER QUALITY; FILTER SEDIMENT, CAPTURE QUALITY; FILTER SEDIMENT, CAPTURE BEDLOAD, AND AID FLOODPLAIN BEDLOAD, AND AID FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT; IMPROVE FLOOD-DEVELOPMENT; IMPROVE FLOOD-WATER RECHARGE; DEVELOP ROOT WATER RECHARGE; DEVELOP ROOT MASSESS THAT STABLIZE MASSESS THAT STABLIZE STREAMBANKDS AGAINST CUTTING STREAMBANKDS AGAINST CUTTING ACTION; DEVELOP DIVERSE PONDING ACTION; DEVELOP DIVERSE PONDING AND CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS TO AND CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS TO PROVIDE THE HABITAT AND THE PROVIDE THE HABITAT AND THE WATER DEPTH, DURATION, AND WATER DEPTH, DURATION, AND TEMPERATURE NECESSARY FOR FISH TEMPERATURE NECESSARY FOR FISH PRODUCITON, WATERFOWL BREEDING, PRODUCITON, WATERFOWL BREEDING, AND OTHER USES; AND SUPPORT AND OTHER USES; AND SUPPORT GREATER BIODIVERSITYGREATER BIODIVERSITY.