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Nominations and CampaignsNominations and Campaigns
The Nomination GameThe Nomination GameDeciding to Run
– Other countries have short campaigns- generally less than 2 months.
– U.S. campaigns (especially for President) can last 18 months or more.
Nomination:– The official endorsement of a candidate for
office by a political party. Requires momentum, money, and media attention.
Campaign Strategy:– The master plan candidates lay out to guide
their electoral campaign.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination GameCompeting for Delegates
– The Caucus Road Caucus: Meetings of party leaders. Used
to selected delegate. – Iowa is first.
– The Primary Road Primary: Elections in which voters choose
the nominee or delegates pledged to the nominee.
Most states use one of the forms of a primary and New Hampshire is the first.
The Nomination GameThe Nomination GameCompeting for Delegates
– Evaluating the Primary and Caucus System Disproportionate attention to the early ones,
especially Iowa & New Hampshire – causesfrontloading where states move primaries to earlier
Money plays too big a role. Too many primaries & primary season lasts
too long - Super Tuesday(s) / regional primaries
The system gives too much power to the media.( Thomas Patterson)
Figure 9.1
The Nomination GameThe Nomination Game
The Perception of Iowaand New Hampshire
The Nomination GameThe Nomination GameThe Convention
- Delegates selection dependant on primaries /
Democrats reserve slots for superdelegates who
are elected party officials– Are still important to the party to get organized
and motivated.– Party platform: Statement of its goals and policies
and general beliefs.– Official nominations and candidate speeches –
place for “rising stars” in the party to be recognized
ConventionConvention
The Campaign GameThe Campaign GameThe Campaign Trail
– Campaign Team campaign manager & finance manager fund-raiser & counsel media & campaign consultants (pollsters,
etc) research staff, policy advisors press secretary
– Campaign Strategy TV Debates Geographic campaigning – where to travel Campaign appearances / media coverage
Money and CampaigningMoney and Campaigning The Maze of Campaign Finance Reforms
– FEC: Created by FECA law in 1974 to administer campaign finance laws for federal elections.
Public financing of presidential elections Limited spending & required disclosure Limited contributions to campaigns
– Soft Money Contributions (with no limits) used for party-building expenses
or generic party advertising
– Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002• Further limited contributions to campaigns
Banned soft money
Money and CampaigningMoney and CampaigningThe Proliferation of PACs
– Definition: Created by FECA law in 1974 these are the financial arm of interest groups, unions & corporations which allow them to donate money to campaigns.
– Over 3900 PACs donating over $212 million
– Donate to candidates who support their issue, regardless of party affiliation
– The money follows the power – higher donations to those currently in power or to get candidates who will promote their cause into power
Elections and Voting BehaviorElections and Voting Behavior
How American Elections WorkHow American Elections Work Three types of elections:
– Select party nominees (primary)– Select officeholders (general election)– Select options on specific policies
(referendum/initiative) Referendum:
– State voters approve or disapprove proposed legislation.
– Often used for constitutional amendments. Initiative:
– Requires a specific number of signatures to be valid.
– Voters in some states propose legislation to be voted on. (California uses this often)
Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First ChoiceFirst Choice
Deciding Whether to Vote– U.S. typically has low voter turnouts (40%). – Political Efficacy: The belief that one’s
political participation really matters. Registering To Vote
– Voter Registration: Methods vary by state but are usually in advance of the election day.
– Motor Voter Act: Requires states to permit people to register to vote when the apply for their driver’s license.
Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s Whether to Vote: A Citizen’s First ChoiceFirst Choice
Who Votes?– Education: More education = more likely to
vote. Most important factor.– Age: Older = more likely to go vote. (AARP)– Race: Caucasian = more likely to go vote.
BUT, other ethnicities are higher with comparable education.
– Gender: Female = more likely to go vote.– Marital Status: Married = more likely to go
vote.– Mobility: Don’t move = more likely to go
vote.– Union Membership: Union member = more
likely to go vote.
How Americans Vote: How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizen's DecisionsExplaining Citizen's Decisions
Party Identification– Rise of candidate-centered politics has
changed this view.– Still #1 reason why people vote the way
they doCandidate Evaluations
- Candidates want a good visual image – so do the voters!– Most important dimensions are integrity,
reliability and competence.– Personality & charisma still play a role.
How Americans Vote: How Americans Vote: Explaining Citizen's DecisionsExplaining Citizen's DecisionsPolicy Voting
– Basing vote choice on issue preferences.– Must know where the candidates stand
on issues and see differences between candidates.
– And voters may like different candidates on different issues- which may lead to ticket-splitting
The Last Battle: The Electoral The Last Battle: The Electoral CollegeCollege
How it works today:– Each state has as many votes as it does
Representatives and Senators.– Winner of popular vote typically gets ALL
the Electoral College votes. (winner-take-all)
– Electors meet in December, votes are reported by the vice president in January.
– If no candidate gets 270 votes (a majority), the House of Representatives votes for president, with each state getting ONE vote.
Presidential Election Presidential Election PatternsPatterns
Party Realignment - shifts in party coalition groups that remain in effect for several years and include both branches (rare)
Critical Elections – voters become polarized over an issue and may shift parties (abortion)
Dealignment – unstable period with weak party affiliations and ticket-splitting
Understanding Elections and Understanding Elections and Voting BehaviorVoting Behavior
Congressional Elections - Incumbency advantage – 90% re-elect* name recognition * constituent work*staff * franking privileges*committee work * press coverage - House = constant campaigning for re
election - Senate = more costly but only every 6 yrs - “Coat tail” effect in Presidential election
years helps those of the winners party